Characterization and Quality Assessment of Roof Top Harvested Stormwater from four Storage Media in Otukpa, Ogbadibo Local Government Area of Benue State-Nigeria

Authors

  • Enokela O. S Lecturer; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Joseph Sanwuan Tarka University Makurdi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37591/jowppr.v10i2.1539

Keywords:

Ogbadibo, RTHSW, Storage media, Characterization, WQI

Abstract

Roof top harvested storm water (RTHSW) from four storage media; Open concrete media (OCM), closed concrete media (CCM), Native pot media (NPM) and Plastic media (PM) used in Ogbadibo LGA of Benue State Nigeria were examined using Spectrophotometric methods, Water quality index (WQI), and multivariate analysis (PCA) performed on the concentration of the water quality parameters for assessment of pollution levels. The test of significance shows high - low positive correlation at 0.05% and 0.01% between water quality predictor variables. The water were classified as excellent in NPM and PM; good in CCM but poor in OCM. The multivariate analysis provided principal components PC1; strongly and positively loaded in all the Media, PC2 strongly and positively loaded in OCM and CCM but negatively loaded in NPM and PM, PC3 strongly and positively loaded in OCM and PM but negatively loaded in CCM and NPM. The HCA provided 5 new clusters formed by combination of quality parameters. The major causes of the pollution were compounds and elements reaction from the storage media (OCM and CCM) materials while PM and NPM are the most suitable storage media. This study will is suggesting a revised water harvesting and storage policy in the study area with a focus on appropriate roof and storage medium.

References

WHO/UNICEF: Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. World Health

Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund, 2000

Utsev J T, Aho M I: Water Shortage And Health Problems In Benue State-Nigeria: Impacts And

Prospects For Solutions. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research., 1(8), 2012

ISSN 2277-8616 79 IJSTR©2012 www.ijstr.org

Herman G, Zaslow S: Health Effects of Drinking Water Contaminants: International Journal of

Research in Environmental Science and Technology., 2(3), 65-68, 2012.

Birkholz DA, Ian J, Headley J, Ongley ED, Goudey S: Toxicity Assessment and Identification for

Protection of Natural Waters, Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources

hydriques, 27(1), 85-103, 2013 DOI: 10.4296/cwrj2701085

Dallas F: Protecting Water Storage Tanks in an Era of Environmental Compliance. Water and waste

digest, 2000-12-28.

WHO: Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment, 2000 Report. WHO/UNICEF/WSSCC Pg

, Box. 1.2, 2000 - ISBN 92 4 156202 1.

Oyebode TA: Assessment of the Physiochemical Parameters and Heavy metal Toxicity of Leachate

from Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite., International Journal of Science Tech, 5(2), 243-

, 1978).

Ademok ES: Effect of cement paste on drinking water. Materials and Structures, 34, 367-372,

Aluko TA: A dual-mode system for harnessing roof water for non-potable uses. Urbanwater I, 3l7-

, 2009.

Heijnen H: Towards water quality guidance for collected rainwater. Proceedings of 10th

International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference, Weikersheim, Germany, International

Rainwater Catchment Systems Association, 133-136.

Meride Y, Ayenew B: Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on resident’s health in

Wondo genet campus, Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research 5(1), 2016

Okoro B C, Uzoukwu R A, Ademe C K: Quality Assessment of Groundwater Sources of Potable

Water in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal., 3(3), 2016

Chang M, McBroom MW, Beasley SR: Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution. Journal

of Environmental Management., 73(4), 307-315, 2004.

Förster J: Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and

regulation of treatment and local infiltration. Water Science and Technology., 33(6), 39-48, 1996.

Mbata T.I, Orji M.U and Oguoma VM High Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in a Nigerian

Community African Journal of Biomedical Research, 12, ( 2 ) 101-105, 2009

Ocheri M, Ahola O and Atu B. Profile of Water Related Diseases in Benue State, Nigeria American

Journal of Human Ecology Vol. 1, No. 3, 2012, 87-94 ISSN 2167-9622 Print/ ISSN 2167-9630

Online © 2012 World Scholars

NPC: National population commission report on 2006 census figure of Nigeria. 2006.

Map Data: Satalite map of Otukpa in Ogbadibo LGAof Benue state Nigeria., google map imagery

,

Williams A An Evaluation of Government Policies on Poverty Eradication: A Case Study of Napep

in Ogbadibo LGA of Benue State. Arabian J Bus Manag Review 6: 277.(2016) doi:10.4172/2223-

1000277

AL-omran A, AL-barakah altuquq F, Aly A A, Nadeem M: Drinking water quality assessment and

water quality index of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Water Qual. Res. J. Can., 50 (3), 287-296, 2015.

Iwar RT, Ogedengbe K, Katibi KK, Jabbo JN: Fluoride levels in deep aquifers of Makurdi,

North‑central, Nigeria: an appraisal based on multivariate statistics and human health risk

analysis. Environmental monitoring and Assessment,193 (8): 477, 2021b.

WHO: Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 4th edn., World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011

Ramakrishnalah CR, Sadas Hivalah C, Ranganna G: Assessment of water quality index for the

groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka state. India. E-J Chem., 6(2):523–530, 2009

Ketata-Rokbani M, Gueddari M, Bouhlila R: Use of geographical information system and water

quality index to assess groundwater quality in El Khairat deep quifer (Enfidha, Tunisian

Sahel). Iran J. Energy Environ., 2 (2), 133–144, 2011.

Al-Hadithi M: Application of Water Quality Index to Assess Suitability of Groundwater Quality

for Drinking Purposes in Ratmao-Pathri Rao Watershed, Haridwar District, India. American

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research., 10, 5251, 2012

Krishna PV, Jyothirmayi V, Madhysydhana RK: Human health risk assessment of heavy metal

accumulation through fish consumption from Machilipatnan Coast, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int.Res.

J. Public Environ. Health 1(5):121-125, 2014.

Alinnor IJ, Obiji IA: Assessment of trace metal composition in fish samples from Nirone River.

Pakistan J. Nutri., 9(1):81-85, 2010.

Ahmed W, Huygens F, Goonetilleke A, Gardner T: Real-time PCR detection of pathogenic

microorganisms in roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia.” Applied and

Environmental Microbiology 74(17): 5490-5496, 2008.

Rose C, Parker A, Jefferson B, Cartmell E: The characterization of feces and urine: a review of the

literature to inform advanced treatment technology. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol., 45(17):1827–

, 2015.

Mohammad J K, Mohammad T, Farhatullah, N U K, Mohammad A S P, Shah A, As U: The Effect

of Using Waste Water on Tomato. Pak J Bot, 43, 2011,

Kothari V, Vij S, Sharma S K, Gupta N: Correlation of various water quality parameters and water

quality index of districts of Uttarakhand. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators., 9, 100093,

Emenike C.P, Nnaji C.C, Tenebe T.I: Assessment of geospatial and hydrochemical interactions of

groundwater quality, southwestern Nigeria. Environ Monit., 190 (440 ), 2018.

Enokela OS, Utor SO, Awulu J.O: Investigating the Nutrient Load from River Benue Water at the

Reach of Makuredi-Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Engineering Research (IJAER) 5

(10), 1–8, 2021

Zhao Q, Meng D, Xu Z, Zuo W, Zhang L: Robust principal component analysis with complex noise.

In Proc. of the 31st Int. Conf. on Machine Learning, Beijing, China, 21–26 June 2014.

Iwar RT, Utsev JT, Hassan M: Assessment of heavy metal and physico‑chemical pollution loadings

of River Benue water at Makurdi using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistics.

Applied Water Science., 11(124), 2021a.

Downloads

Published

2024-03-15

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Articles

License

Declaration and Copyright Transfer Form

(to be completed by authors)

I/ We, the undersigned author(s) of the submitted manuscript, hereby declare, that the above manuscript which is submitted for publication in the STM Journals(s), is not published already in part or whole (except in the form of abstract) in any journal or magazine for private or public circulation, and, is not under consideration of publication elsewhere.

  • I/We will not withdraw the manuscript after 1 week of submission as I have read the Author Guidelines and will adhere to the guidelines.
  • I/We Author(s ) have niether given nor will give this manuscript elsewhere for publishing after submitting in STM Journal(s).
  • I/ We have read the original version of the manuscript and am/ are responsible for the thought contents embodied in it. The work dealt in the manuscript is my/ our own, and my/ our individual contribution to this work is significant enough to qualify for authorship.
  •  I/We also agree to the authorship of the article in the following order:

Author’s name                                    

 

1. ________________

2. ________________

3. ________________

4. ________________

 

We  Author(s) tick this box and would request you to consider it as our signature as we agree to the terms of this Copyright Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published by this journal.