Plastic Pollution from River to Ocean: A Comprehensive Review in Indian Scenario

Abstract

Plastic represents a substantial environmental hazard, contributing to contamination of terrestrial,
aquatic, and atmospheric ecosystems. This category comprises a diverse range of polymers. In the form
of microplastics and nanoplastics, it can induce toxicity in water bodies. Plastic debris not only
physically pollutes freshwater, but also chemically, undergoing changes over time due to hydroclimatic
effects. Rivers serve as conduits, transporting plastics from minor tributaries to major rivers and
ultimately into the ocean, endangering marine life. India, as a developing country with the largest
population and numerous rivers, generates a significant amount of plastic waste, a substantial portion
of which finds its way into rivers, leading to alarming rates of plastic accumulation in the ocean.
Previously, policymakers focused primarily on landfills for plastic waste, neglecting the pollution of
water bodies. The consequences of this neglect are evident, with major rivers in the country severely
affected by plastic waste, necessitating advanced, efficient, and sustainable solutions. This study aims
to establish a comprehensive framework for managing plastic waste, understanding its transport
mechanisms to the ocean, and recognizing the threats it poses to life. It also expounds on harmful plastic
pollutants in water, globally adopted technologies, and emphasizes the need for further research and
data collection in this field. The primary concluding point is to prevent plastics from entering waterways
and to actively collect river and marine plastic pollution. Banning single-use plastics and implementing
efficient collection methods are crucial in containing plastic pollution. Effluents from industries should
not be overlooked, as they often contain harmful micro and nanoplastics with ecotoxicological effects.
The innovative concept of the "4Rs" - Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle-stands as the cornerstone for
safeguarding the environment against plastic pollution.