Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research (JoWPPR) ISSN: 2394-7306 Click here for complete Editorial Board Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF): 6.017 AIM AND SCOPE Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research: is a journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers in all areas concerning science and technology of water quality and its management, which are covered under domain Chemical Engineering. It's a triannual journal, started in 2014. Journal DOI no: 10.37591/JoWPPR Focus and Scope Cover Water Purification Techniques Biological, Chemical and Physical Treatment of water Water Infrastructure Management Liquid Waste Management Marine/Freshwater Ecosystems Water Monitoring/Assessment, Adaptation Planning Technology Readership: Graduate, Postgraduate, Research Scholar, Faculties, Nurses, Institutions, and in Hospital. Indexing: The Journal is index in <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Google Scholar, Cite factor, CAS, Advanced Science Index"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":11133,"3":{"1":0},"5":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"6":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"7":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"8":{"1":[{"1":2,"2":0,"5":{"1":2,"2":0}},{"1":0,"2":0,"3":3},{"1":1,"2":0,"4":1}]},"9":1,"11":4,"12":0,"14":{"1":2,"2":0},"16":12}">Google Scholar, Cite factor, CAS, Advanced Science Index. Submission of Paper: All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. Manuscripts are invited from academicians, students, research scholars and faculties for publication consideration. Papers are accepted for editorial consideration through email richa@conwiz.in Subject: Water Pollution and Purification Research Plagiarism: All the articles will be check through Plagiarism Software before publication. Abbreviation: JoWPPR Frequency: Three issues per year Peer Reviewed Policy Editorial Board Instructions to Authors
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Analysis of Total Hardness of Municipality Water of Amritsar City, Punjab
The lather not produced while using soap which indicates hardness of water. Our life is sustenance with water which is one of the most primary needs for life. Water is mostly used for drinking, bathing, sanitary, washing, irrigation and agriculture. However water having high amount of hardness is considered to be the major threat to human health. The literature survey reports that 2.6 % water resources as fresh in the world. The available fresh water also hard due to contamination and pollution. The hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. It is being noticed that 1.8 billion people do not have clean water for drinking. The demand of water increases due to over population. Because of various undesirable human activities, water resources are damaged and polluted. The hardness of water is very significant for fish culture. Hard water contains bivalent of calcium and magnesium pose serious corrosion and adverse problems in boiler industries for power generation. Hard water formation is indicated by lack of foam formation when soap is used in water and formation of lime scale in kettles and water heaters. In this paper, we are reporting total hardness of municipality water sample collected from Amritsar city and tested by using EDTA titration method.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
A Study on the Application of Chitosan-based Composite in the Remediation of Water Pollution
Several uses for membrane separation have been developed including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration processes in the fields of biomedicine, food, and water purification. Removing agro-industrial waste is a major problem in developing nations. One polysaccharide polymer is cellulose. In this review, the history, structure, global production, and extraction of cellulose from various trees are examined. Chitosan, a biopolymer that resembles cellulose chemically, is a naturally occurring fiber that is obtained from chitin. The growing interest in using it as a natural polymer stems from its non-toxic, renewable, and biocompatible properties. This review covers the manufacture, uses, and latest developments in chitosan and cellulose composite materials.
Biocomposite Using Cellulosic Waste Material and Eggshell for Its Application in the Reduction of Water Pollution
This study explores the synthesis and application of a novel biocomposite derived from cellulosic waste material and eggshells for mitigating water pollution. Biocomposite production and application are notable breakthroughs in the replacement of nonbiodegradable, petroleum-based materials. Biowaste resulting from food processing has long been one of the most unutilized sources from which value-added products can be produced. Extracting valuable elements from it reduces trash disposal problems while also providing useful material for a variety of purposes. Concurrently, eggshells, often discarded as waste, contain calcium carbonate, offering potential as an eco-friendly additive. Through an innovative approach, the biocomposite was developed by blending processed cellulosic waste with powdered eggshells using a biodegradable binder. Onion peel waste is produced is a major industrial waste. Cellulose is a biopolymer that is abundant in nature and has excellent mechanical properties and high strength, making it an effective adsorbent for removing heavy metals and dyes from water. Cellulose was extracted from waste onion peels through various processes. This cellulose was used in the formation of a biocomposite in which PLA is used as a matrix phase. This cellulose-based membrane is used for wastewater treatment. The exceptional qualities of leftover eggshells have drawn a lot of attention because of their chemical makeup and biodegradable characteristics, which make them an excellent option for treating wastewater. An activated carbon is synthesized from the eggshells having strong catalytic activity used for remediations of dyes from the water. This is a sustainable approach to reducing water pollution by utilizing agricultural by-products in a new alternative way.
Mining of the River Bed and Environmental Consequences
Due to tremendous rate of demand, by the year 2050, the world is expected to run out of construction grade sand. Construction-grade sand is found in aquatic environments, such as rivers and is a provisioning ecosystem service. Even under controlled circumstances, the practice of extracting the sand from the riverbed and river-banks impacts the environment. Unfortunately, many countries lack sand mining regulation policies and in combination with a high demand, this results in indiscriminate and illegal mining. To create effective policies for sustainable extraction of river sand, there is a need for both qualitative and quantitative data on the effects of river sand mining. In the physical environment, the primary effects are riverbed widening and lowering. In the biological environment, the overarching effect is a reduced biodiversity and stretches from the aquatic and shoreline flora and fauna to the whole floodplain area. The effects on the chemical environment are a reduced water, air and soil quality through pollution. The effects on the anthropogenic environment comprise of damaged infrastructure, limited access to water and agricultural losses. The findings of this research emphasize the complexity and cascading nature of the effects of river sand mining, as well as the severity and urgency of the problem. Based on the effects found and the four environments, a set of guidelines are proposed at the end of this paper to be used for global agenda making regarding sustainable sand extraction. Future research should prioritise quantifying the observed effects and developing science-based policies for sustainable mining.
A Critical Evaluation of Mercury Contamination in Groundwater of Punjab
Groundwater in Punjab State has been over-exploited for irrigation purposes during the last few decades. As a consequence, it has been contaminated with heavy metals including Mercury, which is highly toxic for human health. The permissible limit for Mercury in groundwater is 0.001 mg/L (1ppb). Mercury concentration in groundwater has been estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) which is calibrated using a standard protocol. Ferozepur district in Punjab is a “Hot Spot” for Mercury contamination. The range of Mercury contamination varies from 0.001 mg/L to 0.038 mg/L in Punjab groundwaters. It is of geogenic origin but its source needs to be investigated to determine contribution of anthropogenic sources such as fertilizers, pesticides and coal-based thermal plants in Punjab. Tarn Taran district has recorded high values of Mercury in its groundwater after Ferozepur district. Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) Reports of Punjab Government have been studied for assessment of health hazards to public. A critical examination of DWSS reports reveals that these are contradictory and confusing for general public. Mitigation measures need to be adopted for removal of Mercury from groundwater sources in Punjab.
Characterization and Quality Assessment of Roof Top Harvested Stormwater from four Storage Media in Otukpa, Ogbadibo Local Government Area of Benue State-Nigeria
Roof top harvested storm water (RTHSW) from four storage media; Open concrete media (OCM), closed concrete media (CCM), Native pot media (NPM) and Plastic media (PM) used in Ogbadibo LGA of Benue State Nigeria were examined using Spectrophotometric methods, Water quality index (WQI), and multivariate analysis (PCA) performed on the concentration of the water quality parameters for assessment of pollution levels. The test of significance shows high - low positive correlation at 0.05% and 0.01% between water quality predictor variables. The water were classified as excellent in NPM and PM; good in CCM but poor in OCM. The multivariate analysis provided principal components PC1; strongly and positively loaded in all the Media, PC2 strongly and positively loaded in OCM and CCM but negatively loaded in NPM and PM, PC3 strongly and positively loaded in OCM and PM but negatively loaded in CCM and NPM. The HCA provided 5 new clusters formed by combination of quality parameters. The major causes of the pollution were compounds and elements reaction from the storage media (OCM and CCM) materials while PM and NPM are the most suitable storage media. This study will is suggesting a revised water harvesting and storage policy in the study area with a focus on appropriate roof and storage medium.
Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of the Majha Belt of Punjab, India, and its Probable Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Health Hazards
Arsenic is widespread in India. Majha belt of Punjab State, comprising districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran, is reported facing a crisis situation due to high levels of arsenic in its groundwater. ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) has reported arsenic beyond safe limit in 13 districts of Punjab. Sample analysis was done using standard protocol in the sophisticated laboratory of DWSS (Department of Water Supply and Sanitation) in Mohali using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer).Highest arsenic contamination was found in the groundwater of Amritsar district which has 325 habitats with As contamination varying from 11 to 111 ppb, followed by Gurdaspur having 218 habitats with As variation 11-85 ppb, and Tarn Taran with 107 habitats having As variation 12-83 ppb, respectively. High levels of arsenic in groundwater are attributed to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources include intensive agricultural practices based on use of fertilisers, herbicides, and weedicides. The values of average daily dose (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR) of Arsenic in groundwater of Majha belt districts of Punjab are calculated using standard formulation developed by US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The average value of hazard quotient (HQ) for children and adults in Amritsar district is estimated to be 11.13 and 8.0, respectively. The HQ values for all the 650 habitations surveyed in the Majha belt of Punjab are greater than 1, which is a probable risk for inhabitants for developing adverse carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards. The predicted values for cancer induction in children and adults of Amritsar district are 500 and 360 per million, respectively. Mitigation of arsenic in groundwater is an urgent need of the Majha belt.
Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Lands by Crude Oil using Enhanced Natural Attenuation
This study evaluated the effect of remediation by enhanced natural attenuation, (RENA) carried out to determine the effectiveness of RENA as a method of remediation in restoring crude oil-contaminated land. The work compared its effect on two different spills of different intensities and the effects across different depths of penetration. It further investigated the reason some sites remediated by RENA are restored better than some other sites remediated using the same method. Samples were collected from these sites before remediation, immediately after remediation and 12 weeks afterwards. Findings from the initial samples collected from the sites prior to remediation showed that site A was more contaminated than site B. Samples collected from the sites immediately after the remediation and 12 weeks after the remediation showed that RENA reduced up to 91.67 % contamination in site A and 92.04 % of the contamination in site B. The result showed that the method reduced the contamination level in the less polluted site slightly more than that of the more polluted site. The rate of decrease was immediately higher after remediation than 12 weeks after remediatlater. The rate of decrease of contamination reduced with increasing depth while the ANOVA analysis of the results showed that the effect of RENA differs with the intensity of the spill and the depth of penetration of the contamination.
Seasonal Variations of Air Quality Measures In Owerri Metropolis and Isiala Mbano, Nigeria Using MATLAB Model.
This study reports the investigation of seasonal variation of air quality measures in Owerri Metropolis and Isiala Mbano L.G.A in Imo State. Parameters such as NO2, CO, Cl, SO2 and TPM were monitored in air samples during the dry and rainy seasons using a portable gas analyzer and particulate matter analyzer for the gases and TPM respectively. Water samples were collected from open air and were analyzed for heavy metals such as Zn, Pb, Hg, Cd, Fe, Cu, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).The pH of the water samples were also measured, using a pH meter. The observed concentration levels of the parameters measured for the eight months showed Jan, Feb, Dec, Nov in the dry season and May, Sept, June, July in the rainy season. Levels of the parameters were higher in the dry season and also in urban area for both gases and heavy metals. In Isiala Mbano which is the Rural area, the values observed were lesser in value compared to that of the Owerri Municipal both in water samples and heavy metals. The multiple analysis result by using correlation coefficient determination to justify showed values of gas in the dry season is 0.15 while in the rainy season is 0.14 both in the urban area. Metals in the dry season gave 0.19 while in the rainy season it was 0.17, in the Urban area. In Isiala Mbano, the value for the gases in dry season was 0.13, while in the rainy season it gave 0.13. For the metals in this Rural area it was 0.16 for dry season and 0.12 for rainy season. The results indicate that air quality standard has been affected and may eventually constitute health problem, for those living in such areas.
Water for the Development of Agriculture and Society
The objective of sustainable agriculture is to meet humanity’s food and textile requirements in the present challenges without compromising for the future generations. At present the world is facing crisis with climate change posing a challenge to water works department at domestic, industrial and agriculture sector. There are many processes commonly used by people working in agriculture and sustainable food systems. Agriculturists employ many techniques to enhance agricultural fertility, cultivation, and minimise water usage while reducing pollution levels in both agricultural and domestic settings. Consumers and stakeholders, particularly retailers, are interested in the advancement of the food and agriculture industry. They are seeking sustainable, environmentally friendly technologies that can be utilised for extended periods of time. Additionally, there is a desire for technologies that can bolster the local economy and accelerate the progress of developing countries, especially in the face of increasing competition in various scientific and engineering domains. Most agricultural practices in Namibia are rain-fed despite the increasing frequency in drought periods. This increases pressure on valuable water resources for irrigation needs. This article focusses on the climate smart agricultural practices are needed to manage and protect freshwater resources. Such may include and are not limited to: Water harvesting techniques, Drip irrigation, Irrigation schedule, Planting pits, Contour ploughing, Climate smart crops and the needs must be implemented in short rain fall in the countries.
Solid Waste Management Perceptions and Practices in Pujehun Town Southern Sierra Leone
Solid waste management is one of the most visible environmental and social issues facing Sierra Leone and is having a worrisome dimension with the growing urbanization rate. The need for economic growth to accommodate aspirations for an improved standard of living tends to disproportionately escalate the rate of waste generation. Pujehun town does not have a clear waste management plan (WSMP) despite the rapid population increase, this compounding issue has strained the infrastructure, resulting in complicated environmental and social problems in the community, notably solid waste management. This study evaluated the solid waste management perceptions and practices by solving the following research questions; what are the socio-demographic characteristics of the Pujehun respondents? What are the methods of waste disposal? What are the effects of solid waste? And what are the livelihood benefits of waste management in Pujehun town? A descriptive research method was utilized to undertake the study. The population for the study was residents of the Mamjama community, which constituted respondents involved in/dealing with solid waste management, Healthcare facilities, and domestic and agricultural activities. The sample size was 200 individuals. Data collection was done with a 23-item validated questionnaire. Descriptive research techniques were utilized for the study. Data analysis was undertaken using the descriptive statistics of percentages, graphs, table of frequency, and with the aid of survey Photos. The result was presented in accordance with the specific objectives; the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, the method of waste disposal in Pujehun town, the effects of solid waste in the district, and the livelihood benefits of waste management in the Pujehun community. The results show that the majority of the respondents are women (72%), 46% of respondents attested to be 18–30 years of age, 37.5% respondents attested to District Council collection method of waste disposal, 89% of respondents attested to generated domestic/kitchen/market wastes, 71.5% of respondents attested to non-separation of waste before disposal, 98% of respondents attested to non-measurement of wastes before disposal, 1% of Medical respondents attested to having generated one ton of waste before disposal, 17% of all healthcare respondents attested to medical waste separation before disposal, 12% of respondents attested to having incineration method of waste disposal in the Hospitals which indicated that incineration method ensures destruction of hazardous waste, thereby preventing waste from hospitals from entering landfill.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
Drawbacks of the Water Monitoring System
Water quality stands as a paramount determinant influencing human existence. Purity tests for the water must often be performed immediately. There will need to be testing at multiple locations if the area to be studied is large. If the geographical area under consideration is extensive or large, testing will need to take place at multiple locations within that area. Continual assessments of the water's quality will be difficult and time-consuming. Hence, an imperative requirement emerges for a real-time monitoring system to safeguard water, ensuring constant vigilance over its state and promptly preventing any contamination. Environmental sensors are used to monitor and display the water quality, LoRa technology (Long Range) is a collection of wide-area communication technologies, the Node-RED application, and superior obstacle occlusion and longer signal propagation lengths. It involves tracking and gathering data on variables including climate, electrical conductivity, pH, air pollution, and turbidity that affect water quality. The research revolves around a microcontroller that analyzes data from sensors before wirelessly transmitting it to a database. Consequently, the information becomes accessible through the Node-RED display, which is an integral component of an IoT-based monitoring system that includes real-time water quality monitoring and the Node-RED dashboard. The system's merits and drawbacks are explored in this study's discussion of the materials and implementation approach.
Study of Heavy Metal Ions and Its Removal from Wastewater by Using Activated Carbon as Waste Tire Rubber
The purpose of this study is to identify various methods that are available for treating industrial waste water using different methods. The effluent stream released from the industries carries various hazardous chemical compounds and heavy metal ions. Heavy metal pollution has become a critical environmental challenge facing the world nowadays. Hence it has become important to eliminate those heavy metals from the effluent due to their toxicity.
Challenges and Possible Solutions in Plastic Pollution
Plastics are extensively utilized in numerous industries due to their long-lasting nature, affordability, and adaptability, becoming an essential component of the worldwide economy. As societies produce waste, only a small portion of it is recycled, while the rest ends up in different ecosystems, causing harm to the environment and living organisms. The environmental degradation caused by plastics has raised significant concerns regarding their disposal. Nowadays hazardous waste is a serious issue for the environment. This waste can affect human, animal, or plant life in adverse ways. These types of waste are coming also from plastics (From Hospital, Laboratory, industry etc.). To achieve more sustainable resource management, there is a pressing need for the world to shift from a linear economy to a more resilient circular economy approach in handling plastic waste. In a circular economy, plastics are utilized and reutilized for extended periods, extracting their full potential value, and eventually recovering and regenerating products at the end of their useful life. Alongside reusing and recycling plastics, numerous technological innovations and interventions play a crucial role. Adopting a circular economy approach for plastics would guarantee a sustainable and resource-efficient future. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of plastic waste on human health and the environment.
A Study of Groundwater Contamination of Patiala District as a HOT SPOT in Punjab
Patiala is a part of Malwa belt of Punjab which has reported highest contamination due to heavy metals and other ionic pollutants in groundwater. The Department of Water Supply and Sanitation's (DWSS) Punjab Statement on Water Quality Monitoring and Mitigation paints a dismal picture of Punjab's current water quality situation. It is estimated that around 50% habitations are having poor quality of water due to high contamination of arsenic, iron, aluminium, magnesium, selenium, fluoride, nitrate and other basic parameters. In Patiala district, contamination by uranium, fluoride, nitrate, and sulphate predominates; heavy metals (aluminum, lead, and nickel) are next as major groundwater pollutants. In two villages in the Patiala district, there were 2553 mg/L of NO3, the highest level ever recorded in Punjab. The highest figure 1 of sulphate contamination, 4980 ppm, was recorded in the Patiala district's Pehar Kalan and Pehar Khurd. The analysis presented in this paper is based on Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) data collected in 3 phases during 2009 to 2016 and compiled and analysed in April 2016 using Ion Chromatography and Spectrophotometer in DWSS Laboratory in SAS Nagar (Mohali 7), India.
Review of Construction's Impacts on Marine Areas
In order to manage flooding, generate electricity, facilitate shipping, support agriculture, and advance industry, dams have greatly benefited human society. The development of dams, however, seems to have a significant impact on neighbouring coastal areas and the natural ecosystems downstream. This review utilises contemporary studies to thoroughly examine how dam construction has impacted river hydrology, geomorphology, and ecology of lower stream reaches globally in order to synthesise these impacts. The consequences of dams on ecosystems include decreased river flow, decreased sediment flux, changing water temperature, altered estuarine delta, altered nutrient composition and distribution, altered phytoplankton population structure and distribution, fragmented habitat, and restricted migration pathways in river segments and nearby oceans. In addition, prohibiting fishing activities, deconstructing pointless dams, and researching innovative reservoir management techniques (such as focused management of reservoir stock and sediment flushing operations) are recommended. Many companies throughout the world engage in marine dredging, which is an extraction process. Although consequences are mainly unknown, there is concern about how dredging may affect marine species, particularly marine sea mammals. This review seeks to add to the body of knowledge both direct and indirect, adverse and beneficial effects on marine animals. It does so by evaluating the literature that is already accessible. Given the dredgers' modest speed in terms of direct consequences, collisions are possible but rare. Marine mammals' hearing systems are unlikely to be damaged by the noise, which is broadband and has the majority of its energy below 1 kHz, although masking and behavioural alterations are still conceivable
Review of Agriculture Water Conservation Using Remote Sensing
The operational usage of irrigation depending on frequent multi-spectral imaging data is supported by the experiences accumulated over the previous 30 years. The operational application of dense time - series data of multispectral imaging at high spatial resolution currently enables monitoring of agricultural biophysical parameters, recording crop water usage throughout the growing season, with adequate temporal and spatial resolutions. These developments enable precise estimates of agricultural water requirements with previously unheard-of geographical resolution, along with the availability of good forecasting of meteorological data. The gains made in web-GIS methodology can be used to give this information in a simple manner and in close to real-time, which is widely welcomed by the end users, such as professional farmers or decision-makers. This study analyses the most operational and investigated optical remote sensing technologies for the evaluation of agricultural water requirements, highlighting strengths and shortcomings and offering options to get this methodology closer to its full operational implementation. Additionally, we give a basic overview of the technologies that make it easier for stakeholders to collaborate and co-create with us, with a focus on the web-GIS-based techniques
Utilize Iodine to Disinfect Water and use the Minimum Effective Dosage
For persons who vacation, travel, or work in places wherein municipal water treatment is unreliable, iodine is an efficient, cost-effective, and effective method of water disinfection. When more iodine is consumed than is advised for dietary consumption each day, there is substantial debate on the safe limit iodine dose and how long it can be used. The primary thyroid condition associated with excessive iodine intake is hypothyroidism, which can occur with or without a nutrient goitre. The maximum suggested dietary intake (2 mg/day) and the maximum recommended usage period (3 weeks), according to a study of human trials on the safety of iodine consumption, are not supported by any reliable data. Iodine consumption and thyroid function don't seem to be related in a way that is clearly defined by a threshold response level or a straight and temporal dosages connection; instead, there appears to be a noticeable individual sensitivity, frequently as a result of the uncovering of underlying thyroid illness. Iodine's effectiveness as a disinfectant and the physiologic changes it causes in the thyroid must be considered when deciding whether to use it to disinfect water. Most individuals can use iodine for water purification for an extended length of time by employing proper disinfection procedures and monitoring thyroid function
Review article: Common Sources of Groundwater Depletion
The information about the effects of ozone depletion on people was examined and collated as part of a review paper from a variety of articles that were published in reputable international journals, annual/environmental reports from reputable organizations and e-books. There is discussion of the elements affecting water contamination. Water pollution is the largest problem the world is now facing. Pure water is getting harder to find every day because to water contamination. Industrialization and the growth of the population are the main causes of water pollution. People are getting sicker and sicker from drinking contaminated water. The primary objective of this review is to concentrate on specific pollutants that are discharged by anthropogenic activities that are classified according to land-use sectors, such as commercial processes (solid/liquid wastes, chemical compounds, mining operations, accidents, and leaks), urban development (municipal wastes, land-use practices, and others), and agricultural practices (pesticides and fertilizers). The discussion also includes significant pollutants emitted by natural processes that are categorized according to climate change, natural disasters, geological reasons, soil/matrix, and hyporheic exchange in the water habitats. The main inorganic compounds are also included in this study. This study also stresses how important transdisciplinary research and international collaboration are to achieving sustainable water quality through sound management practices, flexible legislation, and adaptable laws.
The rapid population growth, unplanned industrialization, and urbanization during the last century, gave rise to several undesirable conditions, including increased amount of wastewater generation. At one hand, demand of fresh water was increased continuously during the last decade and on the other hand volume of wastewater generation was also increased which puts a pressure on this valuable resource. India is dealing with a severe and growing water issue. The catchments, water-holding, and water-harvesting capabilities of the rivers are degrading, they are becoming more polluted, and groundwater levels are dropping alarmingly fast. India had both drought and flooding in different areas last year, Kerala and the Cauvery basin in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are the best examples for this. Treatment of wastewater is also a main problem that India faced during the last decade. More than 50% wastewater was released untreated in the surface water bodies due to lack of treatment facilities. In the present study, we focused on importance of water resource, major challenges, status of wastewater generation, and treatment methodologies.
Air Pollutants and Chemical Hazards are Major Causes of Cardiovascular and Other Diseases in Humans
Air pollution has remained a source of worry, particularly in metropolitan areas, due to the multiple health and environmental consequences it causes. It is the leading cause of health problems such as decreased lung function, asthma, preterm birth, and early mortality. It has a deleterious influence on the cardiovascular system, leading to an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and death. The more an individual is exposed to air pollution, the faster atherosclerosis develops, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. According to research, levels of air pollution exceeding acceptable limits pose a major threat to health and the environment. As a result, this underscores the importance of improved law enforcement and regulation, as well as the importance of managing air pollution. It is critical to detect air pollution hotspots and the fluctuations in pollution levels that occur in such locations. This will facilitate in determining the priority levels that the protocols' implementation should have in polluted regions. The article also highlights various system design and evaluation techniques for air pollution control equipment. In addition, numerous case studies demonstrating the impact of air pollution are discussed. The primary sources of air pollutants and chemical hazards are human activities such as industrial processes, transportation, and energy production. The most common air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide. These pollutants can enter the body through the respiratory system, and cause inflammation and damage to blood vessels, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Polyphasic Characterization and Comparative Genomics of a Newly Isolated Strain of Kocuria soli from Wild Ass Sanctuary, Gujarat, India
From soil sample collected from Little Rann of Kutch-Wild Ass Wild Life Sanctuary, Gujarat a bacterial strain that is non-motile, cocci in shape, obligate aerobic, gram positive, catalase and oxidase positive was isolated and named as strain JC486. Strain JC486T was related to Kocuria soli M5W7-7T (99.7%) belonging to genus Kocuria according to sequence similarity and comparison data of 16S rRNA gene. The strain JC486T had a G+C content (DNA) of 71 mol% and was found to have one amino phospholipid (APL), one aminolipid (AL), one phospholipid (PL), and five polar lipids which are unidentified, respiratory quinone MK-7, and the fatty acids (major) of strain JC486 include anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. Lysine and alanine are found in peptidoglycan of cell wall. Both strains have ANI and dDDH scores of 98 and 80.2, respectively. Based on physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylotaxogenomic studies, it is determined strain JC486 (= KCTC49118 = LMG 30604) is a strain of Kocuria soli
Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment to Produce Useable Water
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a cutting-edge treating wastewater technology which combine bioremediation of effluent with membrane technology of solids and liquids. MBRs have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their ability to effectively treat complex and high-strength wastewater streams and produce high-quality reusable water. In this review article, we examine the principles of MBR technology, its applications in the treatment of various effluents, and the advantages and limitations of the technology. We also discuss the current trends and future directions for MBR research and development. Modern membrane bioreactor technology has undergone a revolutionary change as a result of advances in water treatment technology. The old, activated sludge process’s high cost, low efficiency, and significant space demand have created the space required for the MBR system to function. Immersed and side-stream MBR can take the role of the traditional sludge procedure and tertiary filtering. The historical development of the MBR method for the treatment of municipal and industrial effluents is described in this study. The efficiency of the MBR process is greatly influenced by the structural characteristics and design parameters, such as membrane surface qualities, water flux, storage time, pH, alkalinity, temperature, and washing regularity.
Chemical Simulation for Determining Total Fungi in a Water Environment
This research focuses on using chemical simulation methods to determine the Total Fungi available in a water environment. The water type investigated was the fresh and salt water environment. Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF) were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, mucor sp, penicillium sp, Aspergillus sp, lomentospora sp, Fusarium sp, collecttrichum sp, cladosporium sp, Trichoderma sp and Rhizopus sp for both fresh water and salt water environment. The effect of the fungi on the investigated water environment was monitored with relation to differences in temperature and time as well as the growth rate of the Total fungi. The research work reveals that increase in temperature influence the THB and THF growth rate characteristics of some of the microorganisms from 0.5 × 103 cfug-1 to 43 × 103 cfug-1 fresh water medium, 30 × 10-1 for salt water medium. Growth rate of fungi and their effect on temperature were investigated and detail result of the total heterotrophic fungi growth mode and the rate of degradation were also examined for TFF 15, TFF 30, TFF 45, TFF 60, TFF 75, TFF 90, TFF 105 and TFF 120. The results were subjected into model graphs which was discussed and analyzed using Matlab ODE 45. The MATLAB ODE 45 Computer Programme was used in the evaluation of functional coefficients of heat generated by microbes and substrate, effect of temperature on specific rate growth of fungi in the various water environment under investigation.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
Issues, Strategies, Regulatory Concerns for Monitoring and Management of Water: Microplastics, Microorganisms and Emerging Pollutants
Water is regarded as a multi-purpose and eccentric resource as it performs plethora of vital functions essential for human body. Water pollution is responsible for contaminating drinking water sources, food moieties and causing adverse health implications. Access to clean and reliable water is imperative for ensuring healthy lifestyle and prevention of diseases with direct impact on economy and social life. A wide variety of emerging pollutants (viz. microplastics, Phthalates, BPA and analogues, PAHs, POPs etc.) creates a necessity for having quality assurance, proper framework for monitoring and management of water. With regard to this issue, strategies are aimed to minimize the toxicity associated with water and concentrate to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We need to focus on holistic way to recalibrate our understanding on the scientific aspects and feasibility with respect to tools and techniques, regulatory compliances requirements for industrial wastewater treatment plants. This plays an imperative role in revolutionizing the methodologies adopted to treat and manage ineluctable wastes flowing into countless water systems. Numerous microbial strategies have also been employed to ensure the effective treatment of wastewater in order to make it fit for desired applications in various sectors.
Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, algae, molluscs, crustaceans under controlled conditions. The farming of fish is the most common procedure of aquaculture which involves nurturing fish commercially in tanks, fishponds, or ocean enclosures usually for food. The increasing demand for seafood has led to advent in technology that has made it possible to grow food in coastal marine waters and the open ocean. Aquaculture is a technique used to restore habitat, harvest food, cultivate fish, other commercial products and reconstitute populations of threatened and endangered species. Aquatic animals give higher productivity and protein yield as compared to agriculture and have less energy expenditure for food production. Along with protein, fish flesh contains good amount of vitamins and minerals, which are essential for growth. The water quality plays an important role for keeping the aquaculture growing. The quality of water has an impact on health of this industry. Environmental protection relies heavily on water quality testing. If water quality is bad, it not only has an impact on aquatic life but also affects the ecosystem. Following parts go through all the variables that influence quality of the water in the surroundings.
Rainwater Harvesting: A Sustainable Solution to Water Crisis
Cleaning, washing, showering, cooking, drinking, as well as other household and commercial activities, all require water. The worldwide water crisis is a major source of concern. Due to population expansion and industrialization, higher water consumption is unavoidable. Rainwater collection has the potential to significantly reduce the water shortage. Leading to a shortage of water protection and sustainable degradation of water supplies, we are all on the edge of water shortages today. Harvesting rainwater is an easy method of conserving water through collecting, storing, transporting, and purifying rainwater that falls on a roof, park, road, or open area for future use. Harvesting rainwater is a lengthy strategy for water conservation. Collecting rainwater consists of simple catchments such as jars and pots and more intricate techniques used by ancient civilizations, and it is still an important source of drinking water in rural regions. The three major components included are the catchment area, collection device, and conveyance system
Removal of Lead and Zinc from Industrial Waste water by Amla leaves Nano-bioadsorbent
In the present research work, amla leaves (Phyllanthusemblica) were used for preparing nanobioadsorbent to remove heavy metals viz. Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) present in wastewater. The major advantage of using amla leaves as bioadsorbent is its easy availability, abundance, low cost, biodegradable and eco-friendly nature. Prepared bioadsorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), SEM and BET techniques. Variation in the experimental conditions such as pH, adsorbent dosage, stirring speed and contact time, were analysed at 30oC by UV-visible spectrophotometer at wavelength 479nm for Pb and 597nm for Zn. The rate of adsorption was studied under different conditions, including pH (Britton Robinson Buffer range 2-12), adsorbent dose (0.5g- 2g), contact time (0-60 min) and metal ions initial concentration (25ppm-100ppm). The maximum percentage removal of Pb and Zn were 97.4 % and 99% respectively by keeping the optimum experimental conditions such as initial metal ion concentration of 25 ppm, pH 8, adsorbent dose 1.5g, contact time 60 min etc. Results also showed that the percentage uptake of Pb and Zn decreased gradually as the concentration increased from 25 to 100 ppm. The adsorption data were well studied for adsorption isotherms and kinetic models and followed the first order kinetics and best fitted to langumir and frendulich adsorption isotherm.
Farming Based Waste water Behavior Treated
This treating wastewater system consists of built ponds that use the phytoremediation technique to clean wastewater. The water generated is of suitable quality for agriculture and water use. This results in higher crop yields, higher earnings, better livelihoods, and safe techniques that produce fresh, nontoxic grains and vegetables. Human impacts including home and agricultural waste, along with factories, have contaminated many water resources. Filtration and ozonation were once common wastewater treatment methods. The pollutants were removed with the help of chemical precipitation, adsorption, and aerobic digestion. Due to its potential as a reductive medium, aerobic waste water treatment is becoming increasingly popular. The expenditures of operation and maintenance are minimal. Furthermore, obtaining it is both straightforward and effective. Apart from the capacity to degrade pollutants, this study examines Known waste water treatment is carried out. Chemical, toxic substances, pigments, herbicides, and pesticides, and also techniques for pollutants removal such fluorinated compounds from wastewater, are one of the main hazards.
Physio-Chemical Analysis of River Ganga at Different Ghats of Varanasi
Physical and chemical analysis of the holy Ganga in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, throughout the rainy and winter seasons of the present year. Ghats were among the seven places where water samples were taken. During my study, specific metrics for water quality measurement were identified, such as the pH of the Ganga, its temperature, turbidity, colour, total suspended solids, TDS, COD and BOD, DO and Hardness, at specific intervals of time from the rainy to the winter seasons. Autoclave, BOD incubator, Thermometer, pH metre, and other instruments were employed in the project. The pH of river water ranges from 7.0 to 7.8, temperature from 11.0 to 32◦c., turbidity from 8.5 to 14.0 NTU, total suspended solids from 41.0 to 68.0 mg/L, total dissolve solids from 217 to 284 mg/L, dissolved oxygen from 4.0 to 8.0 mg/L, COD from 4.0 to 8.0 mg/L, BOD from 3.0 to 6.0 mg/L, and hardness from 245 to 280 Regular Ganga river water quality monitoring is required to keep an eye on surface water quality for the sake of human life and to preserve a balanced aesthetical value of religious sites. Water was found to be strongly contaminated with a variety of dissolved elements like Fe, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb, with quantities exceeding the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 1991) recommended safe limits for drinking water.
Water Pollution: Its Impact on the Human Health: Causes and Preventions
In India, water pollution is a big issue. This problem has gotten much worse in recent years as India has become more industrialized and urbanized. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies; it occurs when pollutants are dumped into water bodies, either directly or indirectly, without proper treatment to remove dangerous substances. Any chemical, physical, or biological change in the quality of water that has a deleterious effect on any living organism that drinks or utilizes it is referred to as water pollution. Humans' health is frequently harmed when they drink dirty water. Water is life when it is not polluted, but death when it is the goal of this research is to perform a review of the literature on the environmental implications of surface water contamination. A review of scholarly journal articles, internet materials, textbooks, bulletins, conference papers, project reports, and publicly available materials on the environmental effects of surface water contamination was employed for this research. Prior to the study's review, all authors agreed that anthropogenic activity contributed significantly more to surface water pollution and spatial variation in time and location than other sources in terms of both chemical and physical water pollutants, with elevated values of major chemical parameters (lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, and some anions) beyond the permissible/threshold limits set by regulatory bodies. They were also unanimous in their belief that the criteria had negative consequences for humans, plants, and the aquatic and physical environment. Based on the findings of earlier studies, this study indicates that most surface waters across the world are polluted and must be cleansed before being used for both residential and industrial reasons to prevent the spread of epidemics that can kill humans, the most valuable of all species.
A Comparative Investigation on Drinking Water Quality of Dams in Ranchi Area
Physical, biological, and chemical aspects of water cause alterations in its quality, which are influenced by physical and environmental activity. The quality of water has a significant impact on public health. Unfortunately, more than a billion people in developing countries do not have access to adequate water supplies. According to the World Health Organization, up to 80% of all sickness and disease in the world is caused by poor sanitation and shortage of water. Due to rapid industrialisation and indiscriminate water usage, water has become a scarce resource in today's world. In reality, both the quality and amount of water available has decreased substantially. As a result, determining the quality of drinking water prior to its current use is important. Drinking contaminated water is hazardous to someone's health and can lead to a variety of ailments and problems. Dams generally govern water storage and supply in metropolitan areas, while downstream water treatment plants manage treatment. Hatia Dam, Kanke Dam, and Rukka Dam are the major three dams that provide water to the Ranchi city. The focus of this research is to analyse the quality of water in dams under standard circumstances and the quality of the same water after treatment at a drinking water treatment plant. The majority of the assessment is carried out using chemical techniques. The water's quality would then be compared to established drinking water standards. The quality of the supplied water, as well as the effectiveness of the water treatment facilities, are furthermore assessed.
Treatment of Textile Industrial Wastewater using Hydrophilized Polyamide Nanofiltration Membrane for Water Recovery and Reuse
The textile industry is very water intensive. Water is used for cleaning the raw material and for many flushing steps during the entire production process. During the process a large quantity of wastewater is produced which consists of dyes, heavy metals, pigments, and surfactants in high concentration levels all around the world. Dyes and other chemical laden wastewater released by textile industries is a major concern for the treatment which causes an important threat to serious environmental and public health problems before discharge. Membrane technology plays a key role in effective separation of textile industry wastewater (TIWW) in terms of “state of the art technologies”. Nanofiltration is one of the most effective separation processes for the removal of pollutants from TIWW. The present study mainly focused on the following issues such as characteristics of wastewater, minimization, treatment, recycle/reuse and final disposal of wastewater. The paper deals with the description of the treatment of TIWW using the Hydrophilized polyamide-based Nanofiltration membrane (HPA-100-NF). The experiments were conducted to a significant reduction in parameters such as COD, TDS, Turbidity, and color. From the results, the % of water recovery was found to be 70-80% successful. The complete removal of color and turbidity was observed which states the overall process was technically feasible and cost-effective and beneficial for the environment. The treated water can be reused for various purposes such as gardening, landscaping, groundwater recharge, irrigation, floor cleaning, and cooling towers in industries to protect the environment as well as save freshwater for the future generation.
A Study on the Efficacy of Bilwadi Yoga in Purifying the Polluted Water
It's time to re-discover India's ancient and traditional water purifying methods using herbs and seeds, which cleanse the water while retaining its natural benefits. Ayurveda has mentioned the environmental toxicology in terms of Janapadodwamsa in broad way. Environmental toxicology comes under purview of the Agada tantra and has wide scope for research Therefore, “An experimental study on the efficacy of Bilwadi yoga on polluted water”, was chosen to evaluate scientific background and the efficacy towards water purification, which may be an affordable, simple, easiest way and can be used anywhere at any time without depending upon any instruments or external energy sources
Assessment of Human Health Risk Factors Associated with Using Portable Water from the River Benue at Makurdi
The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk posed to children and adults by Cadmium, Nickel, Zinc and Lead concentration in River Benue water were evaluated in this study. Sampling for the metals was conducted on three locations in transect of north bank, middle stream and south bank making a total of nine stations. These metals were estimated as hazard index (HI) which took into account the combined effects from the heavy metals via the oral and dermal exposure pathways. It was found that the HI for children and adults via the injection pathway exceeded the safe limits in 100% of the sampling stations and was highest in ST3. For the dermal pathway, the HI was similar for both children and adults with highest in ST2-ST3 and found to exceed the safe limit in 33.37% of all location chosen in this study. The lifetime cancer risk (CR) for ingestion of the water with regard to the carcinogenic heavy metals (Pb and Cd) was found to be high in all the sampling stations for both children and adults, while it did not pose any cancer risk considering the dermal exposure pathways for both children and adults in all sampling stations. It was concluded that the river Benue water at Makurdi is currently heavily polluted as a results of unregulated agricultural and commercial activities on the river banks, which pose both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk to the inhabitants that uses the water for drinking purposes.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
A Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water from Few Selected Areas of Maharashtra, India
Water is one of the valuable natural resource known on Earth. It is important to all living organisms of different ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. Release of hazardous waste disposals such as synthetic agricultural chemicals, weathering of rocks , leaching of soils, human activities such as littering of plastic bags, used water bottles, mining processes, etc…toxic wastes from various industries in water bodies is a serious concern. The consumption of contaminated water by the human population results into different water borne diseases. The analysis of water pollutants and the treatment of water is the need of an hour .One has to monitor the quality of drinking water which should be checked at regular time intervals. In the current investigation we have carried out the study of various Physicochemical parameters of surface water, collected from different areas of Maharashtra such as Aurangabad, Satara (Aurangabad), Nanded, Parbhani, Sholapur, Bijapur, Mandrup (Sholapur), Al matti Dam. There was an increase in concentration of various physicochemical parameters as there was addition of pollutants at each site due to rapid industrialization. Various parameters such as pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Total dissolved Solids(TDS), Dissolved Oxygen(DO), Electrical Conductivity, Chlorides, Nitrates, Hardness of water have been investigated for the analysis of water and the values are compared with WHO , ICMR standard and water quality report by CGWB.
A Conceptual Study of Water WSR to Water Pollution and Water Purification
Much of ill health effects humanity in the developing countries is because of unwholesome water supply. Water that is easily accessible, adequate in quantity, free from contamination, safe and readily available throughout the year. There can be no positive health without safe water. Assembly in a resolution emphasized that safe drinking water is a basic element of primary health care. Water is also integrated with other PHC components because it is an essential part of health education, food and nutrition, and also MCH. The relation between the humans and the nature is since early periods of human existence on the earth. Water is the main and most essential resource of nature which is being polluted since centuries. Contamination of water has evolved as a major concern since recent past. Increased suffering and deaths due to the impure water consumption and Failure of sophisticated techniques to reach the poor and middle socio-economical classes despite of amplified flow of money into this sector leads to water pollution a Global problem and Purification as a challenge.
Investigation on the Characteristics of Flood Water Quality in Egi Clan in Rivers State of Nigeria
Physicochemical analysis of flood water was performed in four communities in Egi Clan: Ogbogu, Obagi, Oboburu and Akabuka in Rivers State, Nigeria. The physiochemical perameters analysed were: pH, chloride, sulphate, iron, conductivity, total hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids. The result of pH of the four communities in the order above were 6.34, 5.04, 5.50 and 5.90 for chloride: 50.4 mg/l, 171.9 mg/l and 198.52 mg/l for sulphate: 175.2 mg/l, 153.70 mg/l, 150.74 mg/l and 198.52 mg/l, for iron: 5.72 mg/l, 0.044 mg/l, 0.47 mg/l and 0.53 mg/l for conductivity: 133.2 , 150.10 , 147.21 and 143.60 , for total hardness: 300.5 mg/l, 170.19 mg/l, 193.77 mg/l and 195.60 mg/l. for alkalinity: 120.7 mg/l, 156.20 mg/l, 166.09 mg/l and 184.1 mg/l. For turbidity: 0.03 NTU, 21.9 NUT, 22.5 NTU and 20.94 NTU. For total dissolved solids: 79.92 mg/l, 320.18 mg/l, 320.20 mg/l and 211.4 mg/l. For total suspended solids: 18.3 mg/l, 6.22 mg/l, 6.22 mg/l and 7.05 mg/l. The above results were compared to WHO standard which showed that pH, iron, total hardness and turbidity were all below WHO standard while chloride, sulphate, conductivity and alkalinity were all in agreement with WHO standard.
Phytoremediation of Water Pollutants using Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna minor
Due to the paucity of availability of clean water sources throughout the world over, discharge of industrial wastewater into the receiving water bodies has become a serious threat to the environment because of major source of various contaminants and pollutants. Conventional wastewater technologies are usually time consuming, expensive, less efficient and produce secondary pollutants, therefore, scientists and researchers are trying to overcome this problem with novel methods. Phytoremediation is very cost-effective and green emerging technology which has long-lasting applicability. Therefore, this phytoremediation study examined the ability of two aquatic plants i.e. water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and lesser duckweed (Lemna minor) to remove TDS, COD and DO from the synthetic wastewater. Each containing labelled plants (WH, LD & WH+LD) and the pollutants level were measured in every week for six weeks period. The results showed sufficient decline in the concentration of pollutants. Water hyacinth was able to remove 66.4% COD, 63.7% of TDS and 28.5% of DO, whereas lesser duckweed was able to remove 78.0% of COD, 60.0% of TDS and 28.5% of DO. Water hyacinth and lesser duckweed (WH+LD) collectively removed 74.0% of COD, 53.7% of TDS and 39.2% of DO.
Compilation of Wastewater Treatment Methods with an Efficiency Equal to or Greater than 95%, of Studies Carried out between the Years 2017 and 2020
Life is sustained by water. However, the alteration of its properties is inevitable. In recent decades, the increase in population density has been a factor of pressure due to the need for water availability. Much of the scientific attention should be focused on finding the most efficient ways to sanitize it. In this work it is observed that technological advances have favored the efficiency of wastewater treatment methods. Even the hydric cleaning technique has been refined by having achieved specificity in the removal of substances of certain interest. There are already water cleaning techniques that in many cases reach a value equal to or greater than 95% of efficiency, which is encouraging because the trend in the improvement of the respective techniques is positive. In this research, results found in different scientific projects are exhibited which show the interest of the professionals responsible for the recovery and conservation of water, recommending their constant intervention in this matter so delicate and of priority interest.
Model to Predict a Split Range Control of Hot and Cold Water System
Mathematical model was developed to monitor, predict, and stimulate hot and cold water system using split range control application. Computer program language of MATLAB software of ODE function was applied to monitor the trend of temperature parameter in the system. Result obtained revealed decrease in temperature value of the hot water and increase in the temperature value of cold water until equilibrium was attained at 132°F at > 1.0 h. A constant in the degree of temperature of the cold water was obtained at 135°F as well as for hot water is 53°F. The research work demonstrates the application of split range control in monitoring, predicting and simulating the hot to cold water system.
Assessment of Water Quality for Drinking Purpose in Various Educational Institute of Tamluk, East Midnapore, West Bengal, India
The study is conducted to assess the quality of drinking water in educational institutes situated at Tamluk, East Midnapore, West Bengal, India. The municipally supplied water was found to contain a high amount of fecal coliform (2400/100ml) which indicates the contamination of the water system. The alkalinity values are found to be higher than the permissible limit and overall water is found to be hard. The study revealed that the existing water supply facilities were inadequate and the situation is worse in some institutes. The result suggests that water is not fit for direct drinking and needs proper treatment before use.
COVID-19: Causing Increased Pollution of Water Bodies by Plastics and Consequent Effects
The objective of this paper was to unveil the uses of plastics during leading to more pollution of water bodies by plastics and the subsequent effects on organisms. The following were discussed: uses of plastics at home and at hospital as part of prevention against the spread of Covid-19 pandemic, the source and fate of water body’s plastics, the effects of plastics polymers on aquatic organisms and humans, some possible solutions to the prevailing problems. Plastics are of great advantages during Covid-19 pandemic. Forsooth, Covid-19 has greatly led to an increase in pollution of water bodies by plastics; and it has led to negative effects on aquatic organisms and humans.
Assessment of Arsenic in Groundwater and Surface Water Sources of Gorakhpur District in Uttar Pradesh (India)
This study was conducted in 19 blocks and 4 surface water of Gorakhpur district to assess the arsenic content. The study was carried out in the month of February-March, 2021. The result was compared with IS: 10500:2012 and WHO. The increased arsenic content in the water possess serious health issues in humans. The acute health issues being pigmentation on skin and damage to red blood cells. Prolonged exposure leads to liver and kidney cancer. This main focus of this paper is to review the arsenic content and water quality along with the reasons of arsenic contamination in these blocks. It also suggests the prevention methods that are taken and could be taken and also discuss the areas and the gaps that requires further attention in arsenic contamination control in Gorakhpur district. The test was carried out using Spectrophotometer method i.e. Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate (SDDC) method which is a laboratory instrument. This instrument has arsenic detection range from 0.001 to 0.020 ppm. In this method the inorganic arsenic was reduced to arsine by zinc in acid solution in an arsine generator. From this assessment it was found that Gorakhpur district is contaminated by arsenic. Measure step are required to remove this pollution.
Simulation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant Designed on a Flow Sheet
The residual water results from the alteration of the physicochemical parameters of clean water; so the latter's vocation is lost. The scarcity and importance of this resource requires its immediate recovery by applying the most appropriate corrective procedure. The tertiary wastewater treatment removes traces of organic and inorganic matter. Although effective, this cleaning step is expensive. The simulation of processes helps in the study of the external and internal changes of a system, by altering its variables in a controlled way. ASPEN is a simulator used to model conceptual design, optimization and monitoring processes. The purpose of this work has been to design a flow sheet in Aspen Plus, as well as that of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) from an innovative perspective. This study addresses the development of the tertiary treatment of a WWTP in the commercial simulator Aspen Plus V8.8, including the following stages: nitrification tank, chlorination tank, decanter, filter for sludge, and dryer for sludge. The flows resulting from the process obtained through this simulation show the efficiency of the proposed tertiary treatment. However, we recommend the emphasis on the search for simulation in the design of WWTP that favors the optimization of its operation, in favor of the care and conservation of clean water, an invaluable resource.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Ceria Doped Titania Catalyst for the Degradation of Methylene Blue
Photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye using synthesized ceria doped titania catalyst was performed and results were interpreted. The photocatalyst was prepared by incipient wet impregnation method, using cerium nitrate and titanium dioxide as the starting materials. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis (VSM), UV-Vis Diffuse reflectance measurements (DRS-UV) and UV analysis. The XRD pattern indicated that the sample has a crystalline nature. The VSM analysis revealed the ferromagnetic behaviour and the magnetic properties of the sample. The photocatalytic degradation of one of the pollutants namely Methylene Blue dye (azo dye) was carried out under visible light irradiation using the synthesized catalyst. The photocatalytic activity and degradation studies were evaluated. The DRS spectra were used to calculate the bandgap of the catalyst. This study deciphers to have a complete degradation of methylene blue.
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
Cremation is old method to dispose dead bodies. Incineration or burial in both case of bone fragmentation has links to datum, which has said as personal comprehension from either/or consider. Pollution control has additional consider of where death rates are high. Methodical dispose is considered further under proper regulation of abatement. Pollutants are same as sewer, landfills, and industrial and oil to affect vegetation and living from heavy metal abstraction. Investigation over forensic sciences has referred after analysis of many analytical views from archaeological specimens. Remains of cremation have rated fameto subject another disclose of ritual, which is beyond methodical dispose rule under pollution abatement.
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Chambal River water at two different sites of Rajasthan, India
The physico-chemical properties of the Chambal River in the National Chambal Sanctuary have been investigated. In recent years, the deterioration of water quality has gradually made Chambal River water unsuitable for various beneficial uses. Maintaining and restoring the health of the river in terms of its ecological sustainability is today the logical necessity. The present study addresses physico-chemical parameters of the Chambal River in the national protected area of Rajasthan in the Indian district of Pali and Dholpur. The study aims to evaluate the various physicochemical properties and seasonal effects on water quality parameters such as pH, hardness, BOD, COD, oxygen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate etc. some heavy metals and trace metals in the protected area. The analyzed water quality data shows that the Chambal river water is free from pollution at two sites, except that the lead content, i.e. 0.045 mg/L is exceeded. The river Chambal can serve as a good habitat for many aquatic flora and fauna.
Coastal Tourism and Environment Issues of Concern and Sustainability: A Case Study in Digha, West Bengal, India
Coastal tourism is always an attractive tourist destination and has increased the economic growth. However, the coastal areas are now exposed to deterioration due to lack of balance between tourism activities and natural environmental actions. Development of sustainable ecotourism practices is the only way to solve the problem. Creating public awareness regarding the adverse consequences of unplanned mass tourism activities in the region is the paramount step toward achieving sustainability. This study explores the environmental impacts of unplanned tourism activities in a very popular coastal tourism destination, Digha in West Bengal, India. SWOT analysis is performed to analyse the various effects of tourism. The study evaluates the existing mass tourism pressure and ways to implement sustainable ecotourism practices, to enhance tourism in Digha.
Analysis and Treatment of Greywater by Using Natural and Chemical Coagulants
This project consists of collecting the data related to greywater treatment and analysis. The quality of greywater generated in different, especially, developing countries, constituents found in greywater, some treatment systems and natural materials for treatment, some reuse strategies and public perception regarding greywater reuse. The review shows that generation rates are mostly influenced by lifestyle, types of fixtures used and climatic conditions. Contaminants found in greywater are largely associated with the type of detergent used and influenced by other household practices. Many of the treatment systems reviewed were unable to provide total treatment as each system has its unique strength in removing a group of targeted pollutants. The review revealed that some naturally occurring materials such as Moringa oleifera sawdust can be used to remove targeted pollutants in greywater. The study further showed that user perceptions towards greywater treatment and reuse were only favourable towards non-potable purposes, mostly due to perceived contamination or lack of trust in the level of treatment offered by the treatment system.
Recycle and Reuse of Water Treatment Plant Sludge as a Coagulant in Sewage Treatment Plant
Today, with environmental problem most of the urban and semi-urban settlements all over the world, face the problem of waste water and solid waste disposal. So, there should be proper arrangement for the disposal as the waste sludge generated from water treatment plant. One of the ways to achieve this is to recycle and reuse the water treatment plant sludge and thus minimize problem of disposal of sludge. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the possibilities and procedures for sludge use sludge as a coagulant. Sludge from water treatment plant (WTP) can be used in sewage treatment plant (STP) as a coagulant to reduce the settling time. Sludge from water treatment plant (WTP) consists of certain amount of coagulant which we can introduced to primary & secondary sedimentation tank (PST & SST) of sewage treatment plant is bound to act as a coagulant resulting in formation of flocs which further decreases the detention time and increasing efficiency of PST and SST. Therefore, recycling water treatment residue (sludge) to the coagulation-flocculation processes of sewage treatment plant will allow reduction of operational costs with reagents as these are residue and are easily available in abundance.
Performance Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis Technology for the Retention and Rejection of Cations
Water scarcity is a grand challenge that has always stimulated research interests in finding effective means for pure water production. . In order to overcome the challenge of water scarcity various efforts are being taken to develop and advance water production technologies. One of the process for producing clean water from a variety of sources is water desalination. Desalination refers to the process of removing the salts and contaminants from a water source in order to attain clean water which would be suitable for human consumption and domestic and industrial usage. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is currently one of the most reliable technique for water desalination and is being used as an alternative source for the production of clean water so that the water desalination costs are minimized.This paper aims to provide an overview on the various aspects of RO desalination process- the fundamentals, theory, and various parameters like concentration and pressure on the desalination process. This paper also discusses the synergic effect, which represents a serious challenge in RO processes (i.e. the effect of presence of one or more cations in the feed water).
Removal of (Ni- So4- Cl2) by Using Onions Peel from Wastewater
Rare metals and heavy metals pose a threat to the environment due to many processes, whether natural such as weathering or human beings such as mining, agriculture, industrial activities and burning fossil fuel and vehicle emissions, and their presence poses a significant environmental risk because their toxicity represents many forms of life. They are nonbiodegradable, and highly toxic chemicals. Previous studies have suggested that biomass techniques can be absorbed by extracting tannic acid and then used as an absorber. In this study, onion peel, which has more effective functional groups than those in tannic acid, will be used for a longer extraction of plant peel and then used. Practical experience and high efficiency are confirmed by adding them as powder after drying. There are many techniques for removing heavy metals such as chemical oxidation, ion exchange, electrolysis, chemical deposition, etc. They are very expensive and do not completely absorb the metal. Treatment of wastewater containing large amounts of heavy metals, the onion peel can remove around 9 different metals (Ni, So4, Cl2, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, Fe) one of these metal, nickel metal (Ni), and a Sulfate anion (So4) are a new elements we Found, using onion peel as an effective material for the absorption and removal of heavy metals, acid and basic media at different temperatures. Therefore, the use of biomass technology specifically using onion peel is more efficient, less expensive and effective in adsorption and treatment.
Performance Evaluation of Various Disinfectant for Inactivation of Coliform Bacteria in Potable Water
Water is important for life, but many individuals do not have access to clean and safe potable water and die because of waterborne diseases.In the present study, laboratory experiments were performed for evaluation of efficiency of various disinfectant for inactivation of coliform bacteria present in water. Ground water (Borewell) was used as sample water for experiment. Chlorine (Calcium hypochlorite and Sodium hypochlorite), Neem seed extract and Heat treatment (Boiling)was used as disinfectant. Different concentration of Calcium hypochlorite and Sodium hypochlorite was treated with water sample for contact time of 30 minutes. Different volumes of neem seed extract were used to treat sample water for 30 minutes. Heat treatment method on sample water was carried out for 15 minutes. Plate count method was used to estimate initial and final number of viable cells (CFU/ml) present in sample water. By using initial and final count of bacteria percentage reduction was calculated. Results showed that, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite was able to reduce growth of bacteria to 99 percentage. On the other hand, neem seed extract was able to inhibit growth only up to 90 percentage reduction. Heat treatment(boiling) showed effective reduction in growth of bacteria.
Construction Under Adverse Conditions: Poor Water Quality
Construction of any structure extensively involves water. Water is required during construction – for preparation of concrete or mortar or wetting bricks etc and also during post construction stage – for curing and other finishing activities. Quality of water grossly matters – directly or indirectly on the ultimate quality of construction. It is hence very categorically specified in respective Codes and Standards about the required quality of water to be used for construction activities.Substandard quality of water results in damage or deterioration of constructed structure. It is a known fact that any damage is a chemical process. Construction with poor quality of water imparts unhealthy reaction between its contaminating chemicals and other ingredients of construction materials used for that particular construction. With chemical reactions causing deterioration due to poor quality of ingredients of construction materials, chemistry involved in these reactions is required to be addressed.Thus, it is extremely essential to assess chemistry of damages to arrive at root cause of damage then its remedial measures.This paper discusses effects of poor quality of water used for construction activities and their remedial measures.
Modeling the Rate of Chromium Retardation Influenced by Variation of Velocity in Woji River Port Harcourt
Woji River were investigated through thorough physiochemical analysis, chromium were observed to deposit highest rate of concentration increasing the pollution rate of the River, the rate of the contaminant monitored developed various rates of concentration, the transport of chromium in woji Rivers express various influential factors, velocity of flow were the predominant parameter that reflected its pressured on the variation of transport in the River, declined rate were observed in all the locations monitored, retardation reflected its influence in all the stations observed, the modeling of chromium migration has detailed the rate of chromium deposition in the River, the predictive values were subjected to model validation, and both parameters developed best fit correlation, the study is imperative because the substance content has being determined in the river, the study will be useful in environmental risk assessment of the River, the study will be compared with water quality index for River on chromium concentrate to determined the rate of pollution and other risk factors on environmental hazard.
Study of Seasonal variation of Arsenic concentration in Ground water in Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh
It was reported a clear temporal and seasonal variability of As concentrations in different water samples of Ghazipur district of eastern U. P. During post monsoon season As concentration decreases in Samples. A definite relationship exists between the behavior of arsenic and rainfall intensity. Groundwater quality depends on the composition of recharging water, the mineralogy and reactivity of the geological formations in aquifers, anthropogenic activities and environmental conditions that may affect the geochemical mobility of certain constituents. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater of the Kathmandu Valley show a wide range and some of groundwater sources investigated were found to be in elevated levels in some parts of the valley could be due to the nature of the sediments there. The high degree of spatial variability in groundwater quality over short distances indicates that groundwater movement has been limited and is poorly mixed. The higher concentration of arsenic under reduced groundwater environment may be due to Fe/Mn oxides and direct reduction of As(V) into As(III). After an initial increase, arsenic concentration often decreases again as a function of time below water table due to sulfide precipitation, whereas it increases with increasing sulfate concentrations above water table. Under moderately reduced environment (0 to 100 mV), arsenic solubility seemed to be controlled by the dissolution of Fe ox hydroxides. But at highly reduced condition, e.g., at −250 mV, arsenic chemistry is dominated by the formation of insoluble sulfides FeAsS, As, As2S3 attenuating concentration of arsenic in the groundwater.
Predicting the Transport of Carbon Pressured by Variation of Bulk Density and Velocity in Onu Imo River
The study of carbon transport in onu - Imo River were carried out to monitor its deposition, this was possible through the rate of migration at different point of discharge. The velocity flow of the river was observed to vary at different wealth condition, but the transport rate from high to low concentration experienced homogeneous velocity of flow thus decreased in concentration with respect to change in distance of six metres, such decrease explained the pressure of River velocity including reaction with other deposited substances in the Rivers, the study developed linear degradation of the substance in all the figures, the simulation observed these conditions based on the applied parameters that was observed relevant to the environments, the study has determined the substance content in the River, the predictive values from the model simulation were subjected to validation with experiment data and both parameter developed best fits correlations. The study is imperative because the rate of carbon content that is known to be on the microelement has been examined in different station; this implied that the substance content has been defined for further examination on treatment if the River will be applied domestic use.
Assessment of Anthropogenically Induced Pollution in the Surface Water of River Ganga: A Study in the Dakshineswar Ghat, West Bengal, India
The river Ganga is one of the most important and sacred rivers of India. During the last few decades, massive pollution has affected its water quality. The present study reports the impact of anthropological pollutant load on river Ganga at Dakshineswar, W.B, India. Surface water samples for a two-year study (2017-19) were collected from DakshineswarGhat of the river Ganga during pre-post and monsoon seasons. The water samples were collected both during low and high tide and analyzed for different chemical and physical parameters viz.; temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electric Conductivity (EC). The mean values of these parameters were used to assess the suitability of river water by comparing it with the World Health Organization (WHO). Variation of pollutant load is observed and the value diverges during low and high tide. During the complete study, the value of pH is found to be normal the total ranges of value lie between 7 to 8. The TDS value is found to be a little high during the post-monsoon season (260 mg/l). The observed values of major parameters were slightly higher than the standard limits. The results suggest that the water quality is very poor and needs proper treatment before use. There is an urgent need for proper treatment of domestic and industrial waste before discharging into water. Restrictions should be implemented on the disposal of wastes from various religious activities.
Model Prediction to Monitor the Transport of Nocardia Influenced by Bulk Density and Dissolved Oxygen in Eleme Stream
This paper monitors the behavior of Nocardia deposition in Eleme Streams, the study was carried out to determine the rate of this predominant microbe in the stream, the migration of the contaminant experienced highest rates of concentration at the point of discharge, which is the initial concentration of the contaminants. Decreases with respect to increase in distances at ninety metres in the entire figures were observed. Bulk density and dissolved oxygen were observed to predominantly influenced the rate of Nocardia deposition and migration in the stream, the rate of dissolved oxygen on the stream determined the variation rate of Nocardia deposition in the water body, the condition were similarly experienced on the variation of concentration of density on the stream temperatures in the study environment, both parameters expresses there various rate of influential factors on the transport process of Nocardia deposition in the stream, the developed model were subjected to model validation, and both parameters developed best fit correlation. The study is imperative because the density and dissolved oxygen variation of the solute has been observed, these has been noted as factors that determined the transport rate of the contaminant in the stream.
Effect of Cycle Time Lengths on the Performance of Aerobic SBR Treating Tannery Wastewater
Abstract Tannery industry generates significant quantities of wastewater which contains high organic matter, nitrogen, and chromium which needs to be treated before discharged into receiving water bodies. The aim of this study is to characterize tannery wastewater and to investigate the effect of cycle time length on performance of aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for treating a high load tannery wastewater. In this experimental study, an aerobic biological SBR with 50m3 capacity was used for treatment of wastewater at Modjo, Ethiopia. This paper reveals the results of treating tannery wastewater using pilot scale SBR at different operating conditions i.e. daily operation cycles (6, 12, 24 and 48h) on biological treatment of the industry effluent. A reactor was run for 56 days (including 21 days of acclimatization and 35 days of data gathering) for one phase. It was found that this wastewater has an average COD:N:P ratio about 900:5:1.3. At this ratio, the wastewater was found to have sufficient nutrients. The result also shows that removal efficiencies of COD, NH4-N and TKN were as high as 91%, 98% and 89.35 % at the cycle time of 24hrs. The 24hr cycle length with 12hr aerobic and 8hr anoxic conditions were selected as the optimum working conditions for enhanced removal of nutrient from tannery wastewater using SBR. Low COD and nitrogen removal at 6hr and 12hr cycle length can be attributed poor settling characteristics of sludge due to possible filamentous growth at low F/M (0.028) as compared to 24hr cycle length conditions, where F/M was 0.047. The effluent quality was satisfied with the discharge standard set by the local authority. According to the results, SBR performance in the removal of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus at 24hr cycle time length is satisfactory, while the removal efficiency decreased by decreasing cycle time.
Evaluation of Malting Potential of Different Barley Varieties
The grain and malt quality parameters of six malt barley variety were studied. This study was conducted to estimate the malting potential of different barley varieties (Beka, Holker, HB120, Bahate, Bokoji, and Sabini) collected from Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center. All the grain and malt quality parameters were conducted in the laboratory of Food Technology and Process Engineering at the IOT, Bahir Dar University. The three stages of malting (steeping, germination, and kilning) were conducted according to the modified method. The experiments were conducted using the six malt barley varieties with completely randomized design (CRD) with three replication. The grain and malt quality parameters such as TKW, HLW, and MC, Protein content, hot water extract and malting weight were studied. The mean value of grain quality parameters has grain moisture content, grain protein content, water sensitivity, hectoliter weight, germination energy, germination capacity, glassiness, grain length, grain width and grain thickness of 13.5%, 9.42%, 37%, 43%, 25.5%, 98.28%, 99.27%, 27.5g, 6.5mm, 3.4mm, and 2.5mm, respectively. The mean values of malt quality parameter had malt moisture content, malt weight loss, malt protein content, filtration time and Sacchirification time of 5.1%, 12%, 5.1%, 78.3min, 66.4%, 14.17min, and 1.57mpas, respectively. The results obtained showed that most grain and malt quality had differences among the varieties and most of the values or results found were within the acceptable limit of EBC (European Brewery Convention) standard even though a single variety may not fulfill all the quality requirements. Based on these findings, the Beka and the Holker varieties fulfill most of the quality parameters that is specified in the EBC range.
Abstract Nanoscale matters have all three dimensions in nanometers. Toxicity in these matters has circumscribed by nevertheless many a fronts to secure environ. Immunity to many a lot physique assists to predominate miniscule architect towards oval rescue philosophies. It created miniature flaws to prevail circumscribing art to rescue goodness of life in adult as well as prevailing views as subscribed like as below. Absorption of organometallic nanoparticles as well as tenure in suspension of ionic liquids senses pollutant extinction. Deoxiribose nucleic acid (DNA) formation to coherence of anomaly has been multifarious altitudinal to abolish abilities to misappropriate or fact lying after pollution. Insidious nano profilers architecting diseases naming cancer, which circumscriber originated may be classism a diminishing metal breakdown. But any way, molecular explosion originated similar to abolish sentence into words those could be any arrangement to spell no meaning but sometimes ambiguities towards abuse.
Adsorption of Congo Red Dye by Using Poly(2-Chloroaniline-co-2-Methoxyaniline)
ABSTRACT The removal of this dye from the industry waste water is environmentally significant. In the present work the adsorbent, poly(2-chloroaniline-co-2-methoxyaniline) was employed to remove congo red dye from water. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of parameters such as concentration, contact time, amount of the adsorbent dose and pH. The result showed that the dye was removed when pH = 7.5-8 and contact time is 60 minutes and the amount of adsorbent is 0.05g. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin- Raduskovich adsorption isotherm models were studied and the experimental results were analysed. Batch kinetic data were analysed using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The adsorption kinetic model was well –fitted by a pseudo - second- order kinetic equation.
Contemporary scenarios in purification of water
Purification of water relies on allocation of resources liked as rural, urban industrial and diagnostics intervened. Rural mostly under below poverty line subscribe from body filers like sun aided or air water mixers. Enriched biosand alga expects constituent basic fundamental to allow clean water. Even though malfunctioning membranes, application of chemicals and flocculating agents are ever remaining decisive to reclaim same. Ever prone child rebirth issue a challenge to water contamination. Bacteria, pathogens, virus and cysts articulated water remains ever decisive to get proper percolating filtration. This review ever prone subsidized issue strict but under may or may not argue.
Optimizing the removal of Chromium from aqueous solution by adsorption using sugarcane bagasse
In Ethiopian tannery and textile industries, chromium concentration before treatment ranges from 1000 ppm to 5000 ppm. From this concentration about 95 % of chromium exists in the form of Cr (III), which was toxic when its concentration exceeded 5 ppm and oxidized in to Cr (VI). This chromium was disposed to environment with effluent in the form of chromium III and chromium VI was highly toxic to humans, animals and plants. Still there was no effective treatment method to remove this high concentration chromium from textile and tannery effluent wastewater. So, this research was done to remove chromium from aqueous solution using sugarcane bagasse through adsorption process. To do adsorption process, first sugarcane bagasse was treated physically and chemically to increase surface area and to activate active sites respectively. Optimization of chromium removal factors was done using 1600 ppm of artificial chromium solution prepared from chromium (III) sulphate and mixed with 20 g /L of activated bagasse. The effect of pH, agitation speed and contact time on adsorption was studied using MINITAB software and the maximum removal efficiency (76.1%) was obtained at pH 2, agitation speed 250 rpm and contact time 120 min. The adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) isotherms was determined and our adsorption data was fitted with Langmuir isotherm model. Also, adsorption kinetics was determined using Pseudo first and second adsorption kinetics and our adsorption process was fitted with Pseudo second order adsorption kinetics.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
Industrial wastewaters purification using the negatively charged with calculated dispersiveness of hydrogen bubbles and special electroflotator construction in the process of electroflotation
The main problem in the all existing electroflotation methods of cleaning is the salinity of the space near cathode in the process of electroflotation that leads to formation of the salts sediments on the cathode that strongly cover cathode’s surface that may result of the total curtailment of the process of electroflotation. The other problem is that as anode is used the dense grid from the wire of the defined thickness, which increases the current density, but sharply reduces the transmittance of electrolysis bubbles through it and, therefore, a quantity these bubbles that stimulate the intensification of the process of flotation. During the time, salt can close the grid and lock the output of the bubbles through the grid at all. To another deficiency of the process can be attributed improperly use of gas bubbles generated during the process of electroflotation. The paper presents the use of a new developed method and constructed electroflotator for industrial wastewaters purification using the negatively charged with calculated dispersiveness of hydrogen bubbles and special electroflotator construction in the process of electroflotation.
Dispersed Air Flotation for the Removal of Solids from Water
The quest for clean drinking water is fundamental to our existence as without it, there is no life. This research exploits the feasibility of using principles of the state-of-the-art flotation technique for solid-liquid water clarification. Dispersed air flotation [DAF] as a separation technique, involves dispersing (scattering) compressed air at high pressure into water. A fluidic oscillator is employed to generate minute micro-bubbles from a 20 microns pore sized ceramic diffusers at a lowered pressure of 60L/min thereby reducing energy costs. Under continuous operation, the performance of micro-bubbles generated with the fluidic oscillator was compared to micro-bubbles produced without the saturator system. Results indicate a better efficiency of removal by the bubbles generated using the fluidic oscillator at the rate of 60. 6%. Key Words: Dispensed Air Flotation, Removal of Solids from Water, Chemical Process, Chemical Engineering, Clean Water, Water Purity, Health as part of life.
Steel corrosion about application of inhibitors
In chronology of prevention of irreversible degradation of metals, inhibitors to corrosion have studied to inhibit use of toxic inhibitors. Prevention of toxic inhibitors has further studied to explore non-toxic inhibitors prepared from biological origins, e.g. plant originated or underwater organisms or expired drugs. Toxic organic inhibitors are further studied to select those in which toxicity is removed by dilution of processing chemical. If water pipelines are considered use of those inhibitors are accepted which produce compounds of medicinal in origin. Efficiencies have variation with concentration of medium as well as inhibitor, temperature or stability of as deposited compounds on steel surfaces.
Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Groundwater of a Condensed Agricultural Area in Punjab (India)
Modern agricultural practices involve an increased use of pesticides to meet the food demand of increasing population which results in contamination of the environment. An experimental protocol to monitor the presence of pesticide residues in groundwater of Sangrur, Punjab (India), an intense agricultural area, was undertaken as part of the study. Liquid–liquid extraction followed by gas chromatographic detection was used for the determination of pesticide residues. It was found that 63.1% of the groundwater samples were contaminated with organophosphorous pesticides. It also, showed that the groundwater samples contained residues of chlorpyrifos, Ethion, Buprofezin, cypermethrin and Monocrotophos. Spatial variation maps were developed using ArcGIS. The health risk index calculated for both ingestion and dermal routes indicated a medium risk at the moment. However, the long term effects of the pesticides residue in groundwater need to be assessed.
A Review on Advancements and Challenges of Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Waste Water Treatment Processes
Abstract Clean drinking water is a basic amenity to be ensured for all. As water resources are becoming increasingly scarce due to the rising imbalance between freshwater availability and consumption and many of the water resources are polluted by anthropogenic sources such as industrial, agricultural waste and household, therefore, treatment of wastewater remains a critical need before leaving it to natural water streams. Traditional wastewater treatment processes include filtration, adsorption, activated sludge treatment, coagulation, flocculation, etc. These are not sufficient enough to cope up with urban water treatment requirements. More advanced filtration techniques such as reverse osmosis, membrane bioreactor, etc are in use but these processes only remove contaminants and pollutants do not eliminate them. In the present situation, advanced oxidation process using green photo-catalysts with much higher photocatalytic efficiency is attracting attention. Other catalytic processes using catalysts are also drawing attention for the purpose. The ultimate goal of the wastewater treatment is to provide the protection in terms of human health and environmental aspect. This review emphasizes on the recent advancements and challenges of some sustainable integrated solution to the problem in a cost effective manner with optimal efficiency. The use of wastewater treatment methods such as advanced oxidation process using green phot-catalysts, bio reactor engineered wetland technology, adsorption, biosorption, nano-technology, membrane bioreactors, sludge optimization and power generation using salinity gradient have been discussed. Keywords: Photocatalysis, Adsorption, Nanomaterials, Wastewater, COD, Sludge, Cow Dung
REMOVAL OF AMMONIA FROM DISTILLERY WASTE-WATER BY ION EXCHANGE
This paper evaluates the removal of ammonium ions from wastewater and its subsequent treatment. The project is based upon a case study of a local distillery facing a problem of odor and wastewater disposal management because of the presence of high concentrations of ammonia, for which ion exchange principal for treatment was employed. Ion exchange has the ability to handle shock loadings and the treated water can be recycled again in the manufacturing processes like cooling towers etc. For this, an ion exchange bed containing naturally occurring zeolite along with silica gel and activated carbon was created to treat the water. The bed created is highly efficient to remove odor and gradually remove the ammonium ions at low costs rather than the conventional expensive equipment. The main aim is to provide solutions at cheaper costs and to maintain and provide sustainable solutions for the treatment of such wastewater.
Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Dyed Water in the Fabricated Microfluidic Devices for the Applications in Water Purification
In this work, two SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices are fabricated by the maskless lithography and indirect bonding technique. Dyed water (80% dye, 20% water) is chosen as the working liquid to study the recorded surface-driven capillary flow in fabricated microfluidic devices. CMOS camera is used to capture the surface-driven capillary flow producing two individually recorded audio-video-interleave-files (as FileName.avi). This work may be useful in water purification using the SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices. Keywords: Dyed Water, Capillary Flow, Microfluidic Device, SU-8, Indirect Bonding
APPLICATION OF MICROBIAL TYROSINASE ENZYME FOR INDUSTRY EFFLUENT TREATMENT CONTAINING PHENOL
Phenolic compounds are the major pollutants found in the wastewater. Mostly phenolic compounds are derived from several industrial activities like leather, steel and iron manufacturing, petrol refining and also from mining industries (U.S.EPA, 1980). They are found highly toxic and corroding in nature. They are very harmful for living beings as they cause skin disease, respiratory and gastrointestinal ulcer, hematological changes, kidney and nervous system disorder. Traditional treatments like chemical oxidation and adsorption are generally used often fail to generate final effluents with the required discharge quality. Various peroxidase enzymes have the potential to treat a large diversity of phenolic compounds and also act over wide ranges of pH and temperature. The major thought regarding this enzymatic treatment is the cost involved in the enzymes production and treatment is prohibitory. One of the possible alternatives to peroxidases is tyrosinase enzyme (EC - 1.14.18.1). Tyrosinases are copper-containg enzymes that catalyze the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and ensuing oxidation of o-diphenols to quinones. Quinones are very less toxic in comparison to phenolic compounds and can be easily seperated. Tyrosinases ubiquitously distributed in nature. Tyrosinases are present in various bacteria, fungi, algae, invertebrates, plants and mammals. Tyrosinase can be easily extracted, purified and used for phenol treatment.
Chemical precipitation approach to the removal of heavy metals from wastewater for discharge into sanitary sewerage
NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3 were used as the precipitants in this study. The reaction time was set at 45 min, temperature at 50º C, pH at 9 for the hydroxides and 10 for the carbonate. Heavy metal ions precipitated includes; Pb2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+. NaOH exhibited highest precipitation for Cu2+ (99.2 %) and least for Zn2+ (75.2 %), Ca(OH)2 exhibited highest precipitation for Cu2+ (100 %) and least for Pb2+ (71.9 %), while Na2CO3 exhibited highest precipitation for Fe3+ (97.6 %) and least for Pb2+ (75 %). The precipitation of all the heavy metals ions were also compared for the precipitants. All precipitant are capable of removing at least 70% of the heavy metal ions studied form their aqueous solution while a narrow selection might take the value as high as 100%, hence showing adequate potentials of the precipitants in the removal of aqueous heavy metal ions at the set conditions form wastewater prior to discharge into sewerage.
Effect of Some Selected Plant Materials on Turbidity and Bacterial Density of Surface Water Used for Drinking in Ekiti State
Plant extracts of various parts have been used for water purification for many centuries. This present study was aimed at establishing the phytodisinfection potentials of selected plants at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mg/ml) in purification of surface water samples from selected rural communities of Ekiti State. These plants include Jathropha curcas, Calotrophis procera, Moringa oleifera,Hibiscus sabdariffa and Bambara nut which showed appreciable turbidity and bacterial density reduction in a concentration dependent manner. Extract of Moringa showed the best activity (between 2.0 and 5.0 ml/l), followed by Jathropha and Calotrophis (between 3.0 and 5.0 mg/l) while Bambara nut and Hibiscus showed the least activities between (4.0 and 5.0 mg/l) which ranged between 50 and 90%, 25 and 55% and 20 and 40% reduction respectively. From this work, the use of locally available plant materials seems suitable, easier, cheap and environmentally friendly for water treatment. There is need to test the toxicity of the plant extracts to guarantee their safety as coagulants in the purification of water for human consumption.
Use of Rice Straw as an Adsorbant to Eliminate Waste Color of Textile Industry Wastewater
Textile wastewater contains different colors which are harmful to the environment. The removal of dyes from effluent using adsorption process provides an attractive alternative treatment, especially if the adsorbant is inexpensive and readily available. In this present research paper natural adsorbant rice straw is used for removal of color from waste effluent of textile industry. The adsorbant prepared was employed for the removal of color at the different doses. The adsorbant was found to be capable of removing color from wastewater; the color removal capacity for rice straw was approximately 70% at normal pH and temperature. From the experimental investigations, the maximum color removal from the textile industry wastewater was obtained at an optimum adsorbant dosage of 2.5 g/l of wastewater, with an optimum contact time of 24 h, at room temperature. This result was higher than the results obtained by different process parameters for various adsorbants. It is found that the transmittance was found to be 72% with an absorbance of 0.15, BOD too was reduced from 400 mg/l to 200 mg/l. also owing to the adsorption process several other parameter such as chloride, sulfate, iron, COD was also reduced considerably.
Modeling for Removal of Nickel and Lead from Industrial Wastewater by Adsorption
Heavy metals are stable and persistent environmental contaminants. They cannot be degraded or destroyed. The main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals are industries. The removal efficiency of heavy metals by preparing activated carbon from sugar mill sludge is determined. The carbon has been used as adsorbent. The experiment was carried out manually by batch process and column flow system. The results obtained are processed statically by developing a program to run in MATLAB software and the removal efficiency obtained through MATLAB processing was more than 90%. This experimental study has been carried out to develop an economical method of heavy metal removal, so that even small industries can adopt this method for their wastewater treatment and hence they can prevent the polluted water entering the stream. The results are provided in the requisite tabular as well as graphical forms.
Adsorption Isotherms for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Groundnut Shell and Rice Husk
Heavy metals are considered as hazardous to the environment due to their toxicity even at low concentration. Batch experiments were conducted to know the potentiality of agricultural byproducts (Groundnut shell, Rice husk and combined adsorbents) on removal of heavy metal ions. It has been found that the percentage of adsorption increases with increase in pH and decreases with the increase in metal ions concentration. The obtained results showed that the adsorption of heavy metals by Rice husk and Groundnut shell were best fitted in Langmuir isotherm than Freundlich isotherm
Removal of Heavy Metals using Combination of Adsorbents - A Case Study using Industrial Waste Water
Heavy metals are widely used in numerous industries such as paints and pigments, glass production, mining operation, electroplating, battery manufacturing and textile industries. The significant losses of heavy metals occur during the manufacturing processes and these lost heavy metals are discharged in the effluent. As they move from one ecological trophic level to another, metallic species start damaging the ecosystem. They also become difficult to track as they move up in trophic levels. They accumulate in living tissues throughout the food chain. Due to biomagnification, humans receive the maximum impact, since they are at the top of the food chain. Hence heavy metal contamination has been a critical problem. Adsorption of heavy metals is one of the techniques for treatment of waste water containing different types of selected heavy metals. In this study, the adsorbents Coconut shell, Rice husk, Water Hyacinth, Shrimp Shells and Crab shells are investigated as viable materials for removal of Heavy metals. The effect of contact time, particle size and adsorbent dosage are studied. The aim of this study is to use water hyacinth as an adsorbent in removing heavy metal content from industrial waste water and to use the above mentioned adsorbents in combination to see the effect of adsorption. The metal concentrations are determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The adsorbents are pretreated by way of cleaning, washing, sun drying and then crushing to obtain particles in different size ranges in order to study the effect of different parameters on the adsorption. The main objective of this project is to use cheap and readily available solid wastes such as Coconut Shell, Rice Husk, Water Hyacinth, Shrimp Shells and crab shells as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from the industrial waste water, and to test the effect of contact time, particle size and adsorbent dosage on the extent of adsorption
Treatment of Textile Wastewater using Bentonite Clay as a Natural Coagulant
The main objective of the present study was treatment of dye waste by coagulation with clay to achieve maximum removal efficiency of color and sludge.The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of bentonite clay as coagulant in treatment of textile wastewater. The coagulant prepared was employed for the removal of sludge at the different doses. The maximum coagulant for removal of colour and sludge was found at an optimum temperature of 27oC with the retention time of 1 hour.This result was higher than the results obtained by different process parameters for various coagulants. The transmittance were found to be 94% with an absorbance of 0.03,TDS reduced from 5.15 PPT to 3.3 PPT, BOD too was reduced from 160mg/l to 40mg/l. Also owing to the coagulation process several other parameters such as chloride, sulfate, iron, COD was also reduced considerably
Experimental Studies on the Assessment of River Water Quality: A Case Study on Noyyal River Tirupur
Tirupur is the most popular textile industrial area, which contains 90% of the knitwear industries in India. By 2005, there were more than 729 bleaching and dyeing units in Tirupur. Now there are 2000 textile manufacturing units producing variety of goods. The textile industries release heavy amount of dye waste which contains bleaching liquids, soda ash, caustic soda, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium peroxide, and so many other toxic materials to river Noyyal. The wastewater is acidic, smells terrible and contains dissolved solids, which increase the biological and chemical oxygen demand in water. With no fresh water available for dilution the groundwater from Coimbatore and Tirupur is no longer suited for irrigation. The dye industries said that the discharge of their industrial effluents to the river Noyyal has stopped. But this study clearly shows the presence of materials that are used in dye production.
Review of Recovery Methods for Acetic Acid from Industrial Waste Streams by Reactive Distillation
This paper addresses an industrially important problem of recovery of acetic acid from a wastewater streams via reactive distillation. The separation (or recovery) of organic residues from aqueous waste streams released from chemical and petrochemical industries is critical and indispensable from the points of view of pollution control and recovery of useful materials. The disposal of wastewaters containing most widely used industrial organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and propionic acid has been recognized as a significant expense to the industry and environment. In this paper, existing methods of physical separation of acetic acid from wastewater is presented. Available conventional techniques including fractional distillation, liquid extraction, adsorption, precipitation, ion exchange, etc. have been briefly reviewed emphasizing the major drawbacks of these methods. A new method – reactive distillation - for recovering acetic acids from dilute aqueous solutions is described and compared with the other conventional techniques. Reactive distillation is an efficient, economical, and environmental friendly method for separation of acetic acid from wastewater streams.
A Review on Conventional and Alternative Methods for Defluoridation of Water
Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is due to anthropogenic influences on its natural formation and geological settings. Consuming fluoride has both beneficial and detrimental effects on dental and bone structures. This review article is aimed at facilitating precise information on the various methods applied to remove fluoride from water. The defluoridation techniques are divided into coprecipitation, adsorption ion exchange, contact precipitation, electro-coagulation and membrane process. The mechanism involved in each defluoridation technique is enumerated. The natural and synthetic materials employed by various researchers to remove fluoride are reviewed and tabulated in order to provide information on removal efficiency or capacity of the media
Treatment of Dairy Cooling Unit Washing Wastewater using Modified Sequencing Batch Reactor (MSBR) with various Media
A bench scale modified sequencing batch reactor (MSBR) was employed for treatment of diary cooling unit wastewater. The reactor was constructed in cylindrical shape with outlet nozzle at the bottom using borosilicate glass with capacity of 10 L. The reactor was supplied with oxygen by bubble air diffuser at the aeration rate of 4 L/h. The aeration rate was optimized by doing series of trials for MSBR operation. The reactor was fed with dairy cooling unit wastewater under different operational conditions. For microbe feed, 10 g of cow dung was employed. For abundant growth of methanogenous bacteria present in cow dung, nutrients like phosphate buffer solution of 15 mL and 2 g of anhydrous glucose powder was supplied. As attached growth, media brickbats and wood chips were employed. The reactor was operated in continuous mode and maximum hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h was given. The treatment efficiency was checked at every 1 h interval. At maximum HRT, the COD removal efficiency was found to be 70%, BOD removal was at 73%, pH was brought down to nearly neutral level (pH 6.79), transmittance was increased up to 81% and absorbance was reduced to 0.09. The other parameters of the wastewater were also reduced eventually which is clearly shown in this paper.
Biological Treatment for Industrial Wastewater using Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth)
One of the major problems faced by mankind today is of water pollution. There are various methods available for treatment of waste water. The conventional and mechanical methods of treatment of industrial waste water quite expensive and are thus uneconomical for industries of lower turnover rate. The search is for economical and efficient methods. Use of vascular plants for pollution abatement is recent trend. The present work is directed towards the use of aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes i.e., Water hyacinth for treatment of industrial waste and the objectives of work are to study feasibility of treatment, number of days required for the treatment, effect of operating tank depth, effect of pre-treatment and effect of Nutrients by observing change in various physical, chemical and biological parameters.
Statistical Optimization and Decolourization of Methyl Violet Using Peroxisdase from Radish
Statistical optimization design based on Response surface methodology for the decolourization of methyl violet using peroxidase from radish (Raphanus sativus) was applied. Effect of four influencing parameters (pH, Temperature, Dye concentration, enzyme volume) on decolourization was studied using One Factor At a Time (OFAT) method. The factors were optimized using RSM based on Box- Behnken design and analyzed for its significance through Analysis of Variance. The optimized operating conditions for enzymatic degradation were found to be: Temperature 40°C; Dye concentration 100 mg/L; Incubation time 60 min; Enzyme volume 0.75 mL at pH 7, maximum decolourization efficiency of 72.46% was obtained at this optimized conditions. The predicted decolourization rate under the optimum conditions was 65.20%. Verification experiments carried out closely agreed with the predicted value. The determination coefficient of the model was R² 0.9310. The results signify that RSM based Box-Behnken design is a dependable method to optimize the operating conditions of methyl violet decolourization using radish peroxidase.
Spatial Mapping and Analysis of Ground Water Pollution in Pallavaram Municipality
The usage of groundwater has gradually increased because of the increase in water demand and the shortage of surface water. Pallavaram is one such sector in Chennai Municipal Corporation using groundwater as the predominant water source. Ground water samples in and around the industries and the dumpsite in Pallavaram were studied to assess the impact of pollution on ground water resources in the particular area. Groundwater samples were collected during post-monsoon season from 12 sampling points, representing different point sources of water supply such as open and dug wells along with the lake water. The water samples were characterized and analyzed for various chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, calcium, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids. The mobility, concentration, and geo-accumulation of certain trace elements such as nickel, chromium, lead, zinc and iron are also analyzed to quantify the levels of pollution. Chromium, lead, calcium and chlorine content for all the sample points were exceeding the permissible limits and the higher values were from points that were near the dump site. Spatial mapping of parameters was generated using ArcGIS and the spatial distribution of these parameters indicates the pathways of the hydrological system during the collection period. Results indicate that the analyzed water samples were highly polluted in comparison with the drinking water standards.
Economical Treatment Method for Waste Pickling Liquor for Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises
Waste pickling liquor is pertinent to hazardous waste. Various types of recovery and regeneration methods are used to recover and regenerate the acid and metals from waste pickling liquor. But these methods are sumptuous and not amenable for small scale industries. In a developing country like India, where lots of micro, small and medium scale industries exist, only precipitation is a pecuniary treatment method but it generates lots of sludge. There are severe problems in its disposal to lined sites (landfills). This study has been undertaken to minimize the generation of the pickling sludge by different neutralizing agents and their combinations with economic valuation and also sludge characterization has been done. The results show that the treatment of pickling effluent with lime only is the economical solution but the quantity of sludge generation is on a higher side. However, the authors recommend 20% calcium hydroxide and 80% sodium hydroxide for the treatment because sludge reduction is appreciable and lower sludge generation will result in lower cost of sludge handling, i.e., sludge collection, transportation and disposal arrangement. The sludge characterization results show that the sludge generated by treatment of WPL requires further treatment before using it as a building material.
Bioremediation: Removal of Pb2+, Cr3+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solution using Immobilized Ficus sycomorus Leaves
This study investigated the effectiveness of immobilized Ficus sycomorus leaves (IFSL) for the removal of Pb2+, Cr3+ and Cd2+ions from waste water. The immobilization of Ficus sycomorus leaves was achieved by entrapping it within a polymeric matrix of calcium alginate. Sorption capacity (in percentage) of IFSL was determined from the decrease in the concentration of aqueous solutions of Pb2+, Cr3+ and Cd2+ with reference to the final concentrations of the solutions obtained using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). IFSL exhibited the highest sorption capacity for Pb2+ (99.97±0.0011) followed by Cr3+ (93.76±0.0012) and the least for Cd2+ (87.72±0.0016). Experimental parameters that influence the sorption capacity of these heavy metal ions such as pH, contact time, ionic strength, and initial metal ion concentration were investigated. The result obtained shows that there was an increase in sorption capacity as the pH, contact time, and initial metal ion concentration increases, while there was a decrease in sorption capacity as ionic strength increases. These results show that IFSL can be an effective biosorbent for waste water treatment; hence, a cheap and cost saving technology for treatment of an aqueous solution.
Bacterial Densities and Physicochemical Qualities of Surface Water Sources in Some Selected Communities of Ekiti State
The present study attempts to bring on acute awareness among the people about the quality of surface water samples used for drinking in selected communities of Ekiti State. The experiment analyses their bacterial density and physicochemical parameters such as pH, (7.2–8.1), temperature (22.2–29.0°C) conductivity (6–49 µs/cm), total dissolved solids (0.045–163 mg/L), total suspended solids (0.014–102 mg/L), total hardness (40–102 mg/L), biological oxygen demand (2.3–10.4 mg/L), nitrate (1.7–21.34 mg/L), phosphate (0.05–1.05 mg/L), chloride (5.0–42.5 mg/L), calcium (16.5–43.0 mg/L), magnesium (7.3–24.0 mg/L) and iron (0.04–0.96 mg/L). The results were compared with standards of WHO, USPH and European, in which they were all within the permeable limit except turbidity (50%), BOD (50%) and DO (11.11%) exceeding the limit. A systematic correlation study showed significant linear relationship among different pairs of water quality parameters. The total bacterial performed on the surface water ranged between 68 and 118x103 Cfu/ml, total coliform ranged between 16 and 29x103 Cfu/ml, the total enterococcus count ranged between 6 and 13x103 Cfu/ml and total salmonella count of range 16–14x103 Cfu/ml. The counts were higher than the WHO limits. A total of 2439 isolates were counted and the pure cultures were subjected to gram staining and biochemical tests and the results were compared with those of known taxa. A total of 16 bacteria genera were identified and their percentage occurrence were as follows; Proteus sp. (5.0%), E.coli (13.3%), Klebsiella sp. (14.1%), Enterococcus sp. (5.1%), Streptococcus sp. (5.5%), Pseudomonas sp. (11.9%), Citrobacter sp. (5.4%), Enterobacter sp. (8.9%), Bacillus sp. (6.9%), Staphylococcus sp. (7.8%), Serratia sp. (3.0%), Micrococcus sp. (4.9%), Salmonella sp. (2.8%), Aeromonas sp. (2.0%), Alcaligen sp. (1.05%) and Acinetobacter sp. (1.65%). The presence of these organisms in the water samples could pose a health threat to the consumer, therefore proper treatment before consumption is required.
Removal of Zinc Ions from Synthetic Waste Water using Tea Waste as an Adsorbent
Tea production in India is 1125,000 T per year, which is 34.2% of total world production. After processing, tea factory waste is about 247,600 T. Adsorption studies have been carried out for investigating the suitability of tea factory waste as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of zinc. The factor effecting tea waste adsorbent like pH, adsorbent dose and contact time were studied using tea factory waste. The study shows the Indian tea factory waste acts as a good adsorbent for the removal of zinc ions from synthetic waste water. The tea factory waste show very good adsorption for removal zinc ions in synthetic waste water at pH 5. The maximum removal efficiency of zinc ions tea factory waste adsorbent was calculated as 96%. The results prove that the low-cost tea factory waste can be used as a potential adsorbent in developing countries like India. The experiment result showed that maximum removal of zinc ion by tea waste is 96%.
Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability Assessment for Irrigation and Drinking in Different Aquifers of Faridpur, Bangladesh
Thirty five groundwater samples were collected to appraise the chemical constituents in order to classify them on the basis of their suitability for irrigation and drinking. The considered water quality parameters are pH, EC, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, boron, sulphate, bicarbonate, chloride, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, soluble sodium percentage, Kelly’s ratio, magnesium percentage and hardness. All the water samples were neutral to slightly alkaline in nature (pH=6.97 to 7.62). As regards to TDS values, groundwater samples were rated as fresh water (TDS<1000 mg L-1) in quality. EC and SAR indicated that water samples were medium salinity (C2) and low alkalinity (S1) hazards expressed as C2S1 and could be safely used for moderate salt tolerance crops growing on soils. Groundwater samples were classified as good and permissible in quality based on SSP. All groundwater samples were free from RSC and belonged to suitable in category. As per hardness (HT), samples were moderately hard to hard in quality. The detected concentrations of different cations and anions were found below the toxic levels and might not pose threat to soil system as irrigation water and could be used for drinking. In most of the groundwater samples, HCO3 ion was within the safe limit but only in four samples HCO3 ion was considered as toxicant for irrigating soils and crops. The toxicity of Mn ion was detected in two samples and the rest of the water samples were suitable for irrigation.
Adsorption of Chromium (VI) Ions in Aqueous Solutions by Tea Waste and Sawdust as a Low Cost Adsorbent
The chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions by two adsorbents i.e. tea waste and sawdust was studied under a batch mode. An initial pH of 2.5 was most favorable for chromium (VI) removal by both the adsorbents. The results obtained for the final concentration of chromium (VI) at a pH range of 2-8 indicated that a combined effect of adsorption and reduction was involved in the chromium (VI) removal especially when the pH value is lower than 4. The maximum Removal efficiency of chromium ions by Tea waste and sawdust was 92% and 94%. Evaluation of experimental data in terms adsorption, sawdust adsorbent possess better removal efficiency as compare to tea waste adsorbent
Use of Molybdenum Doped Titanium Dioxide as Nanophotocatalyst in the Degradation of Methylene Blue under Visible Light
The Earth is facing environmental pollution in its different facets, out of which water pollution is a major problem. Photocatalysis, which is an important part of advanced oxidation processes, is such a technology, which will be beneficial for waste water treatment due to its green chemical nature. In the present work, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) was carried in the presence of molybdenum doped titania nanophotocatalyst and progress of the reaction was observed spectrophotometrically. The conditions for optimum degradation rate of the dye were achieved. It was observed that degradation of MB dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics and in the mechanism for degradation of dye role of hydroxyl radical as an active oxidizing species is proposed.
Investigation of Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red by Using Nano-sized Barium Chromate Catalyst
Water pollution is a burning problem all over the world and there is a pressing demand to search green chemical routes to solve this problem. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a promising technology for waste water treatment, so that it may be reused. The present study involves the photocatalytic degradation of congo red dye in presence of semiconducting barium chromate powder used as a photocatalyst. The progress of the reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically. The effect of variation in different parameters like pH, concentration of dye, amount of semiconductor and light intensity was studied. A tentative mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of dye has been proposed, where hydroxyl radical has been observed as an active oxidizing species.
Degradation of Phenolic Compound’s in Annular Photo-Reactor Using H2O2/UV Process
Advance oxidation process is one of the best treatment applications for the remediation of water, waste water, odour, sludge and traditionally used for the removal of organic contaminant. The advance oxidation process introduced UV mediate process where an oxidant and UV frequency are applied. This process uses the photo chemical oxidation of phenol in a batch recycle photochemical reactor using UV irradiation/hydrogen peroxide. In this paper, the parameters used such as absorption time, optimum degradation time and optimum dosages required for degradation of phenol. The collected samples were analyzed through the UV spectrometer. The results indicate 66, 98, 98.1 and 98.3% degradation of phenol respective with in 10, 20, 30, and 40 min of radiation time. The experimental results showed that the optimum condition is obtained at a pH value 5, 6 and 7 with H2O2 concentration ranging from 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 ml/L for UV/H2O2 system
Removal of Copper from Synthetic Wastewater by Tea Waste Adsorbent
There are numerous heavy metals present in industrial wastewater. These heavy metals like Cu2+ are toxic and harmful for human beings especially copper heavy metal spreads a pulmonary fibrosis disease. There are many methods to remove and recover metals from our environment and many physicochemical methods have been proposed for the removal of this heavy metal from wastewater. Adsorption is the best way for effective purification and separation technique is used in industry especially in wastewater treatments. Cost is an important factor for comparing the adsorbent materials. Therefore, there is increasing research interest in using alternative low-cost adsorbents. For removing this heavy metal, activated charcoal is a good adsorbent but it is quite costly. The investigation has found the use of tea waste as a low-cost adsorbent, which is fruitful to neutralize heavy metal like Cu2+. The experiment result showed that maximum removal of Cu2+ ion by tea waste is 90%.
Removal of Chromium (VI) from Synthetic Waste Water using Tea Waste as a Low Cost Adsorbent
Industrial feed various harmful heavy metals which contaminant not only soil but also water resources. There are at least 20 heavy metals which cannot be damaged. In this Case, removal of Chromium (VI) from the synthetic wastewater has been investigated by using Tea Waste adsorbent as a useful natural adsorbent. The Case was performed using experiments with synthetic waste water having Cr (VI) in higher concentration. The adsorption experiments were carried out under different conditions of solution pH, contact time and dose. The result shows that the tea waste adsorbent has good removal efficiency. About 92% Cr removal was achieved by using 0.6 gm adsorbent for wastewater initial concentration 10 ppm. The adsorption process reached equilibrium within 40 minutes of the contact time with maximum adsorption at 7 pH.
Coagulation Performance of Activated Neem Leaf Powder in Treating Low Strength Dye Waste Water
The use of chemical coagulants is not recommended because it affects health and economic considerations. Therefore, plant-based coagulants are preferred for treating waste water. It is very cheap and easily available; also it will not have any health hazards. A new coagulant is obtained through neem leaf powder, and has been found effective in the removal of dangerous pollutants from dyeing waste water. From the experimental investigations, it has been found that the removal efficiency of neem leaf powder is higher. It is attained by altering the pH of the solution and by adding the PAC solution as a coagulant aid. The pH was altered from acidic to basic condition for each dosage of neem leaf powder. Among these different dosages and pH values, the optimum dosage was obtained as 6 g/L at the range of pH = 4 along with the PAC solution. In this pH, it was found that transmittance was increased along with the removal of COD, BOD, ammonia, iron and chromium. Also, the absorbance value reached 0.27 which is sufficient. The result shows that the removal of 80% of BOD and 95% of COD is obtained. Also, iron was reduced to 85% and chromium removals of 55% were achieved.
Treatment of Dye Waste using Phytoremediation
Textile industries are rapidly developing nowadays. There are many dyeing industries situated at Tirupur. The wastewater from these industries were directly discharged into Noyyal river without any treatment, hence the aquatic eco-system was affected. This water is rich in heavy metals used for coloring purpose. This increases the toxicity of river water. By using the process of phytoremediation, the concentration of toxicity of heavy metals is reduced. Phytoremediation is done on varying concentrations of wastewater as 50, 60 and 70%. The tests are done in the time intervals of 24 h such as 24, 48, etc., up to 120 h. Availability of Eichhornia crassipes commonly known as water hyacinth is tremendous in ponds in and around Tirupur. In this study, the authors have used water hyacinth for phytoremediation. By using water hyacinth it is seen that the concentration of metals like iron, chromium and sulfate is reduced notably. The biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand are reduced in the percentage of 50–60 and 70–85% respectively. Thus, water hyacinth can be effectively used for phytoremediation
Startup of a UASB Reactor Using Kitchen Effluent
This study was designed to evaluate the treatability performance of a single-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at neutral pH and constant mesophilic temperature, and to investigate the biogas yield of a single-stage UASBR using kitchen effluent. For this purpose 70% of UASB reactor was seeded with anaerobic digester and activated sludge of the nearby wastewater treatment plant. The acclimatization process continued for about 18 days in the laboratory. The seed sludge provided 36.50 g of volatile suspended solids (VSS). The loading rate was increased stepwise in order to avoid organic loading shocks. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was also studied. Mixing was done twice a day for about 15 to 20 min. It was observed that the treatment of high-ranged kitchen effluent is technically feasible provided the pH of the system is kept near to neutral. This can be achieved by adding NaHCO3 to the feed solution. The volumetric loading rate of 1.5 kg-COD/m3.day and an HRT of 18 h are the conservative figures that warrant a removal efficiency of more than 78% and thus kitchen effluent quality can be brought within the limits of Pak-NEQS. The UASB reactor seems to be a viable option not only in terms of pollution reduction, but it also helps in the conversation of wastes into energy (biogas). The amount of biogas yield from the UASB reactor, using kitchen effluent is 0.32m3/kg-CODrem at optimum operating conditions, with 61% methane contents. Since Pakistan is facing a shortage of energy, encouraging such technologies can help to tackle the problem of energy crises
Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water of Risalpur Cantt
Existing water purification management in Pakistan is insufficient as well as not up to the World Health Organization (WHO) set standards; and ultimately people are suffering. This problem has hit the world in general and Pakistan in particular. This study was designed to evaluate the concentration of arsenic in the Risalpur Cantonment, Pakistan. Various samples for a period of 6–8 months were analyzed using standard procedures. The concentration of pH, turbidity, nitrates, TDS, and total coliform were observed as 8.5, 0.4 NTU, 2 mg/L, 2600 mg/L and 7 MPN. Owing to economical test of alum and lime, they were used as coagulant dosages for the removal of arsenic. It was observed that by using 20 mg/L of alum and 20 mg/L of lime, more than 75% of arsenic can be removed respectively. The results of this study suggest that cost effective and efficient arsenic removal technique, using alum and lime should be adopted.
Study on the Wastewater Characteristics of the Kitchen Effluent
The implementation of low-cost, simple mitigation measures are required for the timely control and sustainable management of pollution problems in developing countries. This study was designed to investigate the wastewater characteristics of the kitchen effluent, and to design a low-cost wastewater treatment plant for the kitchen based on the data obtained. For the wastewater quality analysis of the kitchen effluent, various composite samples were collected from the local region. The samples were collected at regular interval for a period of 4–6 weeks and were tested for various wastewater quality parameters. The wastewater generated by the kitchen is highly polluted in terms of releasing a high-strength effluent. The mean average values COD, BOD, TSS and TDS observed was 2185, 1755, 853 and 1300 mg/L, respectively. The effluent is highly alkaline, with a pH of more than 8.20 and has objectionable odor and smell. Moreover, it has very high temperature, i.e., 18 °C, at the point of its disposal into the receiving streams. The effluent of the kitchen is also found to have very critical DO concentration, i.e., 3.01 mg/L. That can adversely affect entire water ecosystem, having such high organic pollutant strength. The proposed wastewater treatment plant for the kitchen comprises medium screens, PST and the UASB reactor. The required dimension of the PST operating at SOR of 3.05 ft3/ft2-h was calculated to be L × W × H: 40 ft × 25 ft × 12 ft. And that of the UASB reactor is 38 ft diameter and 12 ft height will be able to remove more than 80% of the COD and BOD from the effluent of the kitchen. Additionally, it will generate a biogas for the domestic requirements of 1780 persons, by an estimated biogas yield 1040 m3/day
Water Footprint for Integrated Steel Plant—JSW Steel Ltd, Ballari
Due to industrialization, there is an increase in the consumption of fresh water, but water is a finite resource. It is necessary to account the quantity of water use and water consumption as well as impact of production process on the water resources. Water footprint study is conducted for JSW Vijayanagara, for sustainability development. Water footprint is an indicator of fresh water consumption, expressing the environmental impacts, not only the direct use of producer or consumer. Water footprint was conducted based on the ISO: 14046: 2014 methodology. The study involves fixing the scope and system boundary of the work, for this work Gate-to-Gate system boundary is considered. The next step is inventory assessment (i.e., calculation of water use for different processes from Gate-to-Gate). After inventory, impact assessment, which helps in assessing whether water use is balancing the needs of humans and nature, this is done using the GaBi 6 software, The software gives impacts of production process on the water resource. Based on the inventory assessment and results obtained from GaBi 6 software, response strategies reduce the water footprint and improve its sustainability. From this study, the water footprint for the Vijayanagara as per the pfister approach is 43.05 Mm3. The water stress index (WSI) may serve as a simple screening indicator for the assessment of water use, accounting for water availability and withdrawals. The water stress index for Vijayanagar is 0.524, which falls under saviour stress region
The Efficiency Evaluation of Applying Poly Ferric Sulfate and Perlite for Filtration
The horrible quality of water from sand filters leads us to study on the basis and sieving for this sort of filtration. In addition, we assessed surface charges in the style of four samples regarding chemical treatment from two areas before going to water treatment plant and from output. Our inspection demonstrated that the combination of perlite and certain dosage of poly ferric sulfate with the filter surface 60% of surface charge show desirable efficiency.
Solid Waste Management in Gomti River Basin in Response to Rapid Urbanization: A Review of Existing Infrastructure
The rapid economic growth along with development and expansion of urban infrastructure with improper design is leading to various problems for management of several components of infrastructure. Management of rapidly growing municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the major challenges along with lack of maintenance of sewerage systems, sewage treatment plants, proper collection and disposal of waste. Due to change in lifestyle and increase in per capita income, the generation of MSW has increased and its proper disposal and management has become a major challenge for government and non-government organizations. This improper of MSW disposal leads to urban flooding as it becomes a major civic and health concern for the population. The current study reviews several initiatives of State Govt. which has increased infrastructure in peri-urban areas of Lucknow City. The study also estimates the future land use/land civer of the city for the year 2031 and does a literature review of suitable mitigation options for safe disposal of solid waste and provides solution to seasonal flooding events in the city.
Theoretical Analysis of Parabolic Trough Solar Water Heater: A Review
Solar radiation is source for all energies on earth. Energy from sun in the form of radiation is primary source for our planet. The average solar energy received at the earth surface in tropical region is nearly 1 kw/m2. It is renewable source of energy and has no effect as pollutant unlike oils, coal, gases etc. on the environment. It is not depleting with respect to time so will sustain always in nature. This paper is concerned with design and experimental study of parabolic trough solar water heater by using different reflecting materials. In this work, a new setup of parabolic trough solar water heater with manual radiation tracking system has been designed for water heating process. It is designed by fabrication of aluminum foil and then fixing mirror strips along the focal length of the trough.Experiment was performed in four conditions of trough and analyzed that maximum heat transfer to the working fluid i.e. water in the absorber tube is found in case of mirror glass strips as reflecting materials. Experiment is done in the month of May 2017(summer season) at ShriRam College of Engineering and Management,Banmore, Madhya Pradesh
Comparative Analysis of Parabolic Trough Solar Water Heater by Using Different Reflectors with and without Glass Cover
All forms of energy on earth are derived from solar energy, so it is the primary source. Demand of energy consumption in today’s era is increasing continuously; this puts the burden on our conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. which are limited and can exhaust in future if not managed by alternate sources. So, use of solar energy for various energy generation processes is best option because it is renewable source of energy and has no contribution in greenhouse gases and other pollutants to the environment. It is sustainable because it will not deplete in next future.In this paper, the potential of a solar thermal system for hot water generation has been studied. In the present study, a setup is developed with manual solar radiation tracking mechanism and a comparative analysis of parabolic trough solar water heater by using different reflector materials with and without glass cover, is executed. A trough is manufactured by cutting and welding of stainless steel sheet, and inthe setup, aluminum foil and mirror strips are used as reflectors. A copper tube of 18 mm diameter at 240 mm focal length of trough is used as absorber.Experiment is executed in four steps with different reflectors with and without glass cover on trough face to minimize losses due to wind blow. The maximum performance of setup is noted and compared with remaining three cases. The experiment has been done in month of May 2017(summer season) at SRCEM College, Banmore Madhya Pradesh.
Review of the Bioaugmentation Process of a Sequencing Batch Reactor with Usage of Nicotine Degrading Bacteria
This is a literature review paper which deals with the process of bioaugmentation of biological treatment unit by the usage of nicotine degrading bacteria in order to treat the nicotine present in tobacco wastewater. The toxic compound is degraded with the help of bacteria like pseudomonas genus and acinetobacter which are used as the primary source to degrade nicotine and COD levels in the tobacco wastewater.
Vermicomposting of Terrestrial Weeds: An Approach for Sustainable Agriculture and Solid Waste Management
This study was designed to find out the feasibility of vermicomposting terrestrial weed Lantanacamara. Plastic caret has been used to design compost pit and both the weeds has been mixed in 1:1 ratio. Five different concentrations of weeds mixture and cow dung have been prepared and Eiseniafetida is used for vermicomposting. Physico-chemical parameters of the sample are analyzed after 45, 60 and 90 days. In all the treatments, variation in pH, EC, TOC, C:N ratio, Ntotal, Paval, Na and K are recorded. In all the experimental pits, decrease in the concentration of pH (2.3–13.9%), conductivity, total organic carbon (17.3–63.7%) has been observed during the entire composting period. The increase in the concentration of total nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus has also been observed. The results indicated that Lantana can be used as a raw material for vermicomposting if mixed with cow dung in appropriate quantity.
Microbial Degradation of Phenol: A Review
Microorganisms have enormous potential to remove toxic organic compounds present in wastewater due to its potential to metabolize these molecules. The presence of phenol and its derivatives is increasing in water resources due to its extensive applications. Microorganisms have been widely utilized to reduce the level of phenol in wastewater. Different bacterial and fungal strains have been successfully studied to reduce the level of phenol in water. Both aerobic and anaerobic degradation of phenol is reported. Keywords: Phenol degradation, wastewater, aerobic, anaerobic, microorganisms
Land Use Planning and Groundwater Resource Management: Using DRASTIC Model for Surat, India
Water is known to be a precondition for human, animal and plant life. Being one of the comparatively reliable and safe sources for drinking purpose, it also provides various ecological services and is the backbone for life supporting system on the earth. Groundwater is one of the major sources of replenishable water on the earth and constitutes approximately 30.1% of liquid fresh water whereas nearly 70% is locked within ice-caps and glaciers [1]. However, increase in population and anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industrial, domestic waste, etc. have further led to land use and land cover transformation has led to its deterioration and has been over exploited and stressed due to ever increasing water demand and less availability of surface water. The present study aims to identify the most vulnerable groundwater zones in the district of Surat, Gujarat, which are susceptible to overall contamination due to their geological setting using the DRASTIC methodology proposed by Linda Aller published in USEPA and to guide the overall decision making in the land-use zoning and sustainable use of aquifer. The DRASTIC vulnerability index map is an overlay index method, prepared by computing various hydro-geological data of the study area in GIS. In the later section of the research paper, an analysis has been drawn between existing industrial location in the district and the most vulnerable zones for groundwater pollution where legitimate intervention needs to be provided through various adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Adaptation and Implementation of Solar Distillation Plants for Pure Water: A Review
The need of pure water is increasing day by day, being scarcity of fresh water available on grounds. The one source for obtaining the pure water, by purification, can be looked upon from saline water or waste water. The methods of purifying such water are not economic to the large population. But the use of techniques like solar distillation can be very economic and efficient as well, because of abundant source of renewable energy i.e. sun. The paper describes innovation and research in solar distillation which makes this system to be highly productive. It can be made possible to work with solar distills even during night times by the use of PCM, which makes the system work for availability of pure water through the day and night.
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Inactivation of Escherichia coli by Spray Deposited Au:ZnO Thin Films
Abstract Spray deposited Au-doped ZnO thin films were successfully prepared by using zinc acetate as precursor onto the glass and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates at 4000C. In this study, the polycrystalline Au:ZnO films were prepared with the different Au concentration in the starting solution varying from 0 to 4%. The optimized Au doping concentration was 3%. The direct optical band gap of the Au:ZnO film (3% Au doping) was 3.10 eV. The photoelectrocatalytic activity of the prepared thin films was evaluated by measuring the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methylene blue; 94% degradation of MB with rate constant k=0.0555/sec. Inactivation studies of suspensions of E. coli in a parallel plate reactor showed that the bacterial count can be reduced by a factor of 100 by direct UVA illumination, by a factor of 107 with a ZnO electrode with applied external bias of 1.5 V versus a stainless steel counter electrode, and by a factor of 1012 under a photocurrent of 18 mA across the Au:ZnO electrode with applied external bias of 1.5 V versus a stainless steel counter electrode. The high antibacterial activity in the latter case is ascribed to the suppression of charge carrier recombination and auxiliary radical reactions occurring at the surface of bacteria adsorbed on the Au:ZnO electrode. The Au:ZnO improved photoelectrocatalytic degradation of MB and inactivation efficiency of E. coli. Keywords: Au:ZnO thin films, photoelectrocatalysis, degradation, methylene blue, E. coli Cite this Article Sapkal RT. Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Inactivation of Escherichia coli by Spray Deposited Au:ZnO Thin Films. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(3): 37–47p.
Decentralised Wastewater System and Enhancing Green Cover
Abstract Water is one of the most vital natural resources for all living beings on earth. The availability and quality of water always have played an important part in determining not only where people can live, but also their quality of life. On the other hand, wastewater is generated from various industries and from domestic use. The capacity of sewage treatment is much lesser than production, so, remaining sewage is directly discharged into streams or rivers resulting towards increase in pollution of water, which directly or indirectly affects the human and aquatic life as well as crop cultivation in agriculture. The root zone treatment system is one of the low cost methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system, we can treat the wastewater with best results. The root zone system is the best possible alternative to centralized wastewater treatment system. Because of treatment at production level, the load on conventional STP is reduced by a huge amount. In addition, there is considerable saving in energy due to elimination of collection, transportation and treatment processes required in case of decentralized treatment method. To achieve this goal, we implemented a model in our campus to study the various aspects such as temperature effect, water quality; and related this study with our collage building. We had set up a reactor in which we implemented root zone technique and carried out lab analysis of reactor outlet sample for number of parameters. We considered flow rate as the main factor for designing our system. Therefore, keeping the detention time constant and changing flow rate we found out the change in different parameters. The optimum values are those when we get best results with maximum flow. After the results, we conclude that this model can be installed on domestic, commercial and institutional buildings. In addition, after the treatment, the treated water can be used for flushing, gardening, etc. Keywords: Sewage, nonpoint source, wetland, ecofriendly Cite this Article Tingare Sagar D, Gholap Kamini S, Sawant Sanjay P et al. Decentralised Wastewater System & Enhancing Green Cover. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(3): 29–36p.
Microbial Flocculants and Its Application in Wastewater Treatments: A Review
Scarcity of water resources has compelled to develop techniques for effective wastewater treatments and reutilization of it. Industrial and municipal wastewaters are the biggest pollutants of natural water resources. Wastewaters from these sources are rich in suspended particles, dyes, toxic organic chemicals, heavy metals and nutrient content such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The removal of these chemicals and particles is biggest challenge for effective wastewater treatment and its disposal. Without proper treatment it poses a serious threat to environment and safety of living organisms. Physical and chemical methods are widely used in the treatments but due to certain limitations, other alternative methods are being explored. Biological methods are emerging as effective, environmental friendly and economical alternative treatment methods for wastewater. Microorganism produces EPS (extracellular polymer substrates) and it is also known as microbial or bioflocculants. Microbial flocculants have been widely studied for its capacity for flocculation, removal of dyes, metals and toxic chemicals. This article discusses the bioflocculants and its potential to treat the wastewater. Keywords: Wastewater, EPS, bioflocculants, heavy metal, toxic chemicals
Effect of Coal Mining Industry and Thermal Power Plant to the Neighbouring Environment: Evidences from Barapukuria, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
The objective of the present study is to explore the people’s perception about the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of coal mining industry and coal fired thermal power plant to the physical and human environment of Barapukuria, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The present study found that the Barapukuria coal mining industry and thermal power plant have brought some environmental and socioeconomic challenges to the adjacent areas. The inhabitants of adjacent area of the coal mine and power plant are facing critical difficulties in their daily livelihood due to several causes such as the environmental pollution, requisition of homesteads and agricultural land, land subsidence, mass eviction, and cracking of house’s walls etc. Mainly the occupational patterns and people’s income level as well as livelihood patterns have been changed unfavourably. This study recommends advanced technologies and sustainable measures to control the adverse effects of coal mining and power plant to the environment of Barapukuria. Keywords: Coal mining industry, thermal power plant, environmental effects, socioeconomic effects, Barapukuria, Bangladesh
Life Cycle Costing of Water Treatment Plant in the Nashik City
Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is a valuable technique, which is used for predicting and assessing the cost performance of the assets. This paper has presented the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) of 50 MLD Water Treatment Plant (WTP) located at Nilgiri Bagh, Nashik which was constructed and started operating in July, 2015. The study period for the LCC analysis is taken as 30 years. The main objectives of the paper are: (a) to carry out the LCC of 50 MLD WTP in the Nashik city. (b) To identify the cost drivers in the LCC of the 50 MLD WTP in order to focus on design, development, acquisition or plant support efforts. (c) To identify the effect of three different discount rates on the total life cycle costs. The Net Present Value method is used to carry out the LCC analysis. LCC for three different discount rates that is the highest rate, average rate and lowest rate is calculated in this paper. The calculations are done using the Microsoft Office Excel. The analysis consists of construction costs, operation and maintenance costs, equipment replacement costs, electricity costs and the disposal cost of 50 MLD WTP at Nilgiri Bagh, Nashik. The data for LCC was collected from the Nashik Municipal Corporation, Nashik. The paper concludes that the LCC of 50 MLD WTP varies when discount rates are changed. Keywords: Life cycle costing, water treatment plants, infrastructure developments, economic and financial analysis, cost drivers
Biosorption of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ Using Immobilized Moringa oleifera Leaves
Abstract In demonstration of the effectiveness of immobilized Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves (IMOL) for the removal of metal ions from wastewater, the leaves of M. Oleifera were immobilized by entrapping them within a polymeric matrix of calcium alginate. The concentration of residual metal ions after sorption was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The result of sorption capacity of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ were found to be 99.59±0.061, 99.58±0.063 and 46.15±0.032% respectively. There was an increase in sorption capacity as contact time, pH and initial metal ion concentration increased, and decrease in sorption capacity as ionic strength increased. The possibility of M. oleifera leaves to absorb Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ proved the result as an effective technology for wastewater treatment and cheaper means of metal ion removal from wastewater compared to other standard methods. Keywords: M. oleifera leaves, immobilization, sorption capacity, metal ions Cite this Article Osemeahon SA, Nkafamiya II, Anioke D, et al. Biosorption of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ Using Immobilized Moringa oleifera Leaves. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(3): 23–28p.
Evaluation of Oil-Sorption Properties of Kapok Fiber for Cooking Oils: A Potential Check for Oil-ridden Wastewater from Restaurants
Abstract Sewage is one of the leading sources of water pollution. The untreated water released from restaurants is the major contributor of oil pollution having devastating impact on aquatic life. Oil in water clogs pipelines, pumps and treatment equipment, decreases the efficiency of the plant and results in high maintenance and operation costs. The natural material, kapok fibers have the capability to significantly separate oil from water by entrapping oil droplets in its fibrous network. In the present work, kapok fibers were used in separation of cooking oils from restaurant wastewater to study the oil-sorption properties namely sorption capacity, dripping rate, retention capacity and reusability with several variables. The results indicate that kapok fibers adsorb cooking oil up to 55%. The adsorbed oils can be easily recovered from the fibers by manual squeezing and the recovered fibers can be used for several sorption-desorption cycles without loss in sorption capacity. The results suggest that kapok fibers can be used as a sorbent in effective filtration of oil from wastewater. Keywords: Oil pollution, kapok fibers, adsorption, oil-sorption capacity Cite this Article Vidyashree S, Vijaya Holla, Vivek A, et al. Evaluation of Oil-Sorption Properties of Kapok Fiber for Cooking Oils: A Potential Check for Oil-ridden Wastewater from Restaurants. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(3): 15–22p.
Life Cycle Costing of Sewage Treatment Plant
In this fast growing life, every industry and organization needs proper management for time, money, resources, and material. Time and cash management is most necessary for construction industry. Life cycle costing (LCC) is a process of evaluating the economic performance of a structure over its entire life. The process of identifying and documenting all the costs involved over the life of as asset is known as life cycle costing. LCC require that all potential costs be calculated by taking into consideration the time value of money. LCC includes different cost like construction cost, operation and maintenance cost, replacement cost, rehabilitation costs and also residual cost. Life cycle costing (LCC) is useful for taking decision related to limited budget or forecast the future budget needs, long range planning, select appropriate and effective option from the various options, and there is more applications of LCC. In this paper, life cycle costing of sewage treatment plant is being carried out. Keywords: Management, life cycle costing, sewage treatment plant, activated sludge process (ASP), net present value
Effects of Introducing Cylindrical Ceramic Packing into a Single Slope Solar Distillation Unit
Abstract Water is important for all life forms on earth-plants, animals and human being, etc. For fresh water necessities, humanity relies on rivers, ponds, lakes and underground water reservoirs. The available fresh water on earth is mounted; however, the demand of fresh water is exaggerated owing to growth and speedy industrial enterprise. Therefore, there is a great need of proper water purification technique with less price. During this situation, solar distillation plays an awfully vital role. This method is analogous to natural water cycle but processed beneath closed and controlled conditions. The basin area of the still, free surface area of water, inlet temperature of water, wind velocity, solar radiation, depth are some of the factors that affect the productivity of the solar still. In the present work, the effects of introducing cylindrical ceramic packing into the basin of a solar distillation unit to increase the area of the basin were studied and compared with the results of solar distillation unit without packing. The maximum efficiency for copper electroplated aluminium basin with cylindrical ceramic packing and black painted basin with cylindrical ceramic packing at three litres of wastewater are 54.86 and 64.64% respectively. Keywords: Solar distillation, copper electroplated Al basin, Al basin with black paint, cylindrical ceramic packing Cite this Article Vamsi Krishna P, Sridevi V, Sri Hari Priya B. Effects of Introducing Cylindrical Ceramic Packing into a Single Slope Solar Distillation Unit. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(3): 1–14p.
Possibility to Treat Car Wash Effluent by Electrocoagulation: A Review
Increased economy and the need of luxury journey of people lead in the increased number of cars on the roads. Periodically car is being drenched with huge quantity of water in the name of cleaning the pollutants from atmosphere. The very body of the car is imparted into the water when it is washed with the detergents, which aid to remove those dust particles, oil and grease from the machineries. This paper describes briefly about the process, mechanism, benefits, drawbacks of electrocoagulation, characteristics of car wash effluent, its environmental impacts, and how it would be a possibility to treat the car wash effluent using the process. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, car wash effluents, MBAS, benefits of EC, drawbacks of EC
The Impacts of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater on Public Health in India: Evidence from Skeletal Diseases and Dental Diseases
Abstract The objective of this paper is to examine the potential effects of fluoride exposure by analyzing the influence of fluoride contamination in drinking water on health outcomes across various districts of India. The paper will mainly highlight two health outcomes- dental diseases and skeletal diseases. This study also examine the health impacts associated with fluoride contaminated water across the different considered samples with the inclusion of additional demographic and socio-economic characteristics. We exploit the data from Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Ministry of Water Resources 2010, and Health rounds of National Sample Survey (NSS), 2014. Following results has been estimated using Logistic Regression Framework and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. Estimated results clearly indicate that people living in the fluoride affected areas are more likely to get affected by dental diseases and skeletal diseases. It further demonstrates that consumption of comparatively large amount of fluoride leads to potential severe skeletal diseases than dental diseases. However, the analysis also shows that the dental disease and skeletal disease is more prevalent in the case of children and old age. The findings also show that age, education, household socio-economic conditions, and geographical area of residence have significant association with the risks of dental diseases and skeletal diseases in India. Thereby we conclude that switching to safe source of water is more beneficial in the fluoride affected regions, controlling for other demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Keywords: Fluoride Contaminated Water, Dental Diseases, Skeletal Diseases, Logistic Regression, Propensity Score Matching, Socio-economic Determinants Cite this Article Nadeem Ahmad, Khushboo Aggarwal. The Impacts of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater on Public Health in India: Evidence from Skeletal Diseases and Dental Diseases. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(2): 43–60p.
Adsorption of Lead Ions on Tea Waste Adsorbent
In 2015 Indian Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi focused more on clean and green India. On behalf of it an effective tea waste collected from Hotel Rudrapratap Tomar Purani Chhawani, Gwalior, MP, India. This hotel generated tea waste of 10000 kg per month. In Nov 2015 it generated tea waste of about 29000 kg which created tremendous problems, particularly by environmental pollution control board. Characterization of the adsorbents showed a clear change between physico-chemical properties of activated tea waste. The objective of this work was to evaluate. Effect of Agitation Rateluate the potential of activated tea waste adsorbent for removal of Pb (II) ions from industrial waste water. The different experimental parameters such as; concentration, adsorbent dose, initial pH, temperature and contact time were carried out in experimental setup. The initial Pb (II) concentrations were 10, 20 and 30 ppm in the experiment. The result shows maximum removal of lead ions at 5 pH, 120 sec contact time and 0.6 gm adsorbent at 25°C; is 98% respectively. Keywords: Tea waste, heavy metals, adsorption, lead ions, synthetic wastewaters
Bioremediation: Sorption of Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ Using Immobilized Ficus sycomorus Leaves Biomass
Sorption of Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ by immobilized Ficus sycomorus leaves (IFSL) in aqueous solution was studied in this work. The sorption capacity (in percentage) was calculated with respect to the remnant ion concentration, determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and these were obtained for the metal ions as follows; Fe3+: 99.84±0.0015%, Mn2+: 99.97±0.0005%, Zn2+: 84.10±0.0094% andCu2+: 94.32±0.0033%. Some conditions that influence the sorption capacity of metal ions such as; pH, contact time, ionic strength, and initial metal ion concentration were also investigated. Results show that metal ion uptake by the biosorbent decreased with increase in ionic strength while increase in initial metal ion concentration led to increase in metal ion uptake. Maximum sorption was found to occur at pH of 5.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 5.0 for Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ respectively. The ability of the IFSL to remove these metal ions from aqueous solution is encouraging, hence its extended potentials in bioremediation of wastewaters. Keywords: Bioremediation, Ficus sycomorus, immobilization, metal ions, sorption
Community Participation in the Mitigation of Geogenic Fluoride Contamination in Drinking Water: A West Bengal Model
Abstract The water management issue is by no means an issue only for experts. The close linkages between community initiatives in mitigation approach and grass-root level technology transfer can bring a sea-change in the drinking water management in rural communities. The conventional set up of sectoral water management institutions is hardly capable of coping with the drinking water management in the rural areas. A wiser drinking water management calls for introducing a proper institutional framework, stakeholder’s involvement and participatory process. It is in this context, participation of women in decision making process, by more focus on water as something to share and care about, have much more significance in drinking water management. In West Bengal, sustainability of a community level water treatment device has been ensured in Malda district, where operation and maintenance is decentralised and the responsibility of O & M is borne by the beneficiaries. A water committee comprising members from the beneficiaries with five women members manage O & M of a Defluoridation Plant, by organising tariff collection, filter backwash with the assistance of local Panchayat. Ownership feeling of the community has ensured safe drinking water supply sustainable for a few years and resulted in the improvement of the health of the local beneficiaries. A wiser drinking water management is to increase water use effectiveness reducing pollution load and introducing more pro-active and radically improved water pollution abatement through community participation. A radical shift in safe drinking water management policy is needed in planning, implementing, managing and sustaining such vital resources by involving the communities. Keywords: Community participation, Geogenic, Deflouridation, Water Commmitee, Stake holder Cite this Article Sunanda Jas, Sandhya Bhadury. Community Participation in the Mitigation of Geogenic Fluoride Contamination in Drinking Water: A West Bengal Model. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(2): 37–42p.
Boron in Groundwater of National Capital Region Delhi
Abstract The National Capital Region (NCR) Delhi has grown as a populous urban conglomerate in last few years. The development of this region could be linked to rapid industrialization and an accelerated population growth. However, this has also led to large-scale pollution of natural freshwater resources including groundwater in the region. The water quality changes are also visible in floodplains of Yamuna River, particularly in growing suburban areas around Delhi. This article highlights changes in natural hydrochemical character of the groundwater systems in the region, focusing on Boron. The study establishes the spatial and temporal variation in Boron concentration of groundwater. It also describes possible sources of Boron contamination in groundwater of the region. Keywords: Boron, Contamination, Yamuna, NCR Delhi, Palla Cite this Article Aditya Sarkar, Simran Arora, Shashank Shekhar. Boron in Groundwater of National Capital Region Delhi. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(2): 30–36p.
Analysis on Water Quality of Cauvery and Bhavani River for its Seasonal Variation at Bhavani
Abstract Cauvery river is one of the significant sources of water supply for domestic, agricultural and industrial usage in Tamil Nadu. In spite of large scale utilization of the river water, poor water management has resulted in large scale degradation of the quality of water. Hence, a detailed study has been attempted in the Cauvery river, and one of its major tributary Bhavani river between the latitude 11°26′4.51″N to 11°28′39.09″N and longitude 77°39′32.39″E to 77°41′53.83″E. About 10 water samples were collected in the rivers during pre monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and summer periods and the samples were analyzed for the physical and chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl, SO4, NO3, turbidity, F, Fe for its seasonal variation. The analytical results were compared with the Indian (BIS) and international (WHO) standards for drinking water quality to assess the suitability of water for drinking and the extent of deterioration. Keywords: River water, physical parameter, chemical parameters, quality standards, pollutants, drinking water Cite this Article Deepak Kumar, Rajeev Kumar, Gokila Shree R et al. Analysis on Water Quality of Cauvery and Bhavani River for its Seasonal Variation at Bhavani. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(2): 24–29p.
Treatment of Car Washing Unit Wastewater by Electrocoagulation
Abstract Enormous amount of water is being used to wash a car. With the increase in number of cars day-by-day, the quantity of water being used to wash cars is also increasing. Generally, effluent from car washing units is discharged into public sewers without treatment. In this study, the wastewater from a car washing unit was collected in a bulk quantity and characterized. It was treated with the electrocoagulation process with a lab scale setup using aluminium electrodes. Initial wastewater pH, interelectrode distance, conductivity, treatment time and voltage were optimized by calculating the percentage removal efficiency of turbidity and COD in each set of experiments. After the optimization of parameters, the characteristics of treated wastewater were calculated. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, car wash effluent, COD removal, MBAS removal, turbidity removal Cite this Article Sasi Kumar N, Chauhan MS. Treatment of Car Washing Unit Wastewater by Electrocoagulation. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(2): 17–23p.
Synthesis of Photocatalytic Biomimetic Nanocomposite for Enhanced Water Purification
Abstract Clean and drinkable water is a critical necessity for all human and economic developments; unfortunately, millions of people do not have access to potable water, resulting in the death of over two million children every year. Over the past decade, emphasis has been placed on the synthesis and design of photocatalytic nanocomposites to enhance the chemical degradation of organic pollutants as a cost effective vehicle for clean water production. This work develops a biomimetic cellulose-based nanocomposite media, which utilizes visible light to degrade organic pollutants through photo-redox reactions. More specifically, surface modified nanoparticles (through noble metal deposition and dye functionalization) were synthesized to increase the photon capture efficiency in the visible light region of the resultant nanocomposite. Both dye sensitization and noble metal deposition showed a substantial increase in the amount of degraded model pollutant (~75%) when compared to unmodified TiO2 nanoparticles. In addition to increasing the photochemical degradation rate, the incorporation of Ag-functionalized nanocomposites resulted in a synergistic antimicrobial effect, which eliminated both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from the water sample. Keywords: Water filtration, antimicrobial, biomimetic, wastewater, nanocomposite Cite this Article Jeromy J. Rech, Samantha J. Rinehart, Jacob Murray, Elizabeth Senese, James Rago, Jason J. Keleher. Synthesis of Photocatalytic Biomimetic Nanocomposite for Enhanced Water Purification. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2016; 3(2): 1–16p.
A SUBSTANTIAL PROBLEM OF WATER POLLUTION: REASON & SOLUTION
Human exercises including industrialization and farming practices contributed massively in no little measure to the corruption and contamination of the earth which antagonistically affects the water bodies (waterways and sea) that is a need forever. This paper attempts to talk about essentially what water contamination is and similarly to address the source, impact control and water contamination the board overall. A few proposals, for example, presentation of ecological training were referenced.
Potential use of Silver Nanoparticles in water filter tanks as an antimicrobial agent
The packing foam was used to suspend the silver nanoparticles so as to avoid the problems of free nanoparticles getting mixed with drinking water. The contact time required to kill the microorganism along with various designs of incorporating the packaging foam in the tank is studied to ensure the best design to suspend the polymer in the filtration tank will be studied by taking the microbial count. A comparison of the treated and untreated water is done by taking the microbial count. This technology will prove as a cheap and simple method to ensure the elimination of microbial content in water filter tanks.
Preliminary design assessment of heavy water purification columns through shortcut calculations including hydraulic and mass transfer characteristics
Heavy water having deuterium content of 99.9% and more is used as the moderator and the coolant in pressurized heavy water nuclear reactors (PHWRs). This purity is maintained by vacuum distillation in packed columns. This work analyses the effect of packing type on preliminary column design based on certain user-defined specifications, with a focus on mass transfer and hydraulic characteristics of the column. Geometrical characteristics of commercial metallic packing materials used in fractionation and gas absorption service and correlations for mass transfer coefficients in distillation operation available in the literature are used alongside the well known Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland equations and Billet-Schultz model of two-phase pressure drop for initial distillation column sizing. The most suitable kind of packing material and the associated design requirements are thereby ascertained through a simple computational model for meeting the stringent separation requirements of heavy water distillation.
Polymer nano composites For Water Pollution Applications
Insertion metal particles of nano size in to polymer matrices resulted scientific technical interest. Lot of research work is going on this areas. In the present studies the authors discus various factors effecting the polymer metal nano composites. An attempt has also been made on the work done by the authors. The composites are useful in removal heavy metal ions present in the water.
Degradation of Phenol, an Innovative Biological Approach
A bacterial strain capable of utilizing phenol as a sole carbon source was isolated from the soil samples, collected at a vicinity of industrial wastewater treatment plant of phenol manufacturing unit. Based on the biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing results the organism was identified as Serratia marcescens. The organism is capable of degrading the highly toxic phenolic compound to an optimum concentration of 2500 mgL-1 in 120 h at approx. a neutral pH of 8. The organism was also efficient with wide pH and temperature tolerance with an extremely stipulated lag phase in the case of higher influent concentrations. Amid two different models incorporated to justify the growth kinetics of the organism the Haldane’s model fits (R2=0.930) very satisfactorily with kinetic constants in the range of mmax = 0.05 - 0.095 h-1; Ks = 8.49 - 16.1 mgL-1; Kj - 1154.75 - 1700.68 mgL-1. Despite limitations in terms of inhibition of microbial growth subjected to an extremely elevated concentration of phenol the study claims the feasibility of Serratia marcescens to an utmost concentration of 2500 mg/L and suggests the method as best possible alternative to the existing chemical treatment procedures. Keywords: Biodegradation; Phenol; Serratia marcescens; Kinetic modeling, Phenolic compounds
The Specificity of Antioxidants: A Review
Antioxidants are substances that provide protection to the body against reactive chemical species. When oxidative damage is not prevented or reversed, some pathology may occur. Naturally, there are enzymatic antioxidants (example: superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic (example: glutathione) in the cell, and some are incorporated through the diet (example: vitamins). These substances exhibit specificity when carrying out their activity, that is why it is necessary to experiment their effects on different substrates. In the medical field, antioxidants have gained fame and relevance because currently favorable evidence has been found in the combat of different health disorders, using different experimental models. The objective of this review is the search of recent scientific reports in which the positive effects of antioxidants in the treatment of various pathologies are observed. The respective results are promising in the areas of prevention and treatment.
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research
Effects of solvents at a systemic level, and their prevention
The anthropogenic activities derive in the production and emission of pollutants. These substances are used in industry and at home to break down raw materials, products and residual substances. Its impact on public health is significantly adverse. The solvents are inhaled, ingested, absorbed. Chronic exposure can cause various pathologies at a systemic level including cancer, while acute exposure can lead to death. The purpose of this research is to show the different effects of the solvents in the organism, as well as to propose actions tending to the prevention and protection against its effects. In this documentary analysis, sufficient scientific evidence was found regarding the wide range of pathologies that solvents generate in humans. Keywords: solvent, injurie, organ, pathologie, xenobiotic
Metropolitan Solid Waste Arrangement Best Application
Solid waste management is a systematic process minimizing solid waste in an area. By this method to control of solid waste as well as alternative useful for solid waste as resources utilization. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities. Improper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 80% of MSW is disposed of unsafely at open areas, creating problems to public health and the environmental pollution. An approach made to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics, generation, collection and transportation, disposal and treatment technologies of MSW. Various treatment methods with their advantages and limitations. The study gives some suggestion which may be benefit to local people and researchers to work further. Keywords: municipal waste, waste management, treatment technologies, energy recovery
Assessment of the Potential of Permeable Concrete using Blast Furnace Slag in Treating the Highway Side Storm Water
Storm water from highway side contains organic and inorganic pollutants including significant amount of heavy metals which need to be treated before the storm water is let into the natural water bodies. In this study, the potential of pervious concrete using blast furnace slag was assessed for pollutants removal from the highway side storm water. Removal efficiencies in respect of nitrate, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), TSS, lead, chromium, nickel and copper were assessed. The results showed that the pervious concrete could remove 71%, 87% and 98% of nitrate, total suspended solids and oil and grease, respectively. Heavy metal removal efficiencies varied from 68% - 89% and the order of removal was observed to be Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni. After the treatment through the pervious concrete filter all the parameters were within the permissible limit for discharge into natural water bodies. The pervious concrete containing blast furnace slag could be effectively used in urban areas to reduce surface and ground water pollution due to storm water.
Hydrochemistry of Arsenic in Groundwater Pollution in Eastern U. P
A Serious concern worldwide is presence of Arsenic (As) in water and it affects human health both by drinking water and food. Groundwater contaminated by As is a worldwide problem and it is spread mostly in Bengal delta plain covering Bangladesh, Jharkhand, west Bengal , Assam and other North eastern states of India and other neighbouring countries . It may be considerably larger than previously thought of that sunken wells affect mostly people by Arsenic contaminated water. In this paper we are going to discuss hydrochemistry of Arsenic and process of contamination in groundwater of Ganga Brahmaputra river basin of India. Arsenic mostly exists in two types of oxidation states which are arsenate (As5+) and arsenite (As3+). These two oxidation states are interconvert able by oxidation of As3+ into As5+ and reduction of As5+ into As3+ Arsenic also exists in another form i.e. organic form and it is formed by biomethylation of arsenic. Keywords : Arsenic contamination, arseneous acid, Ganges–Brahmaputra river basin, groundwater.
Seasonal assessment of creeks' water quality located near Ankleshwar region of Gujarat, India, through water quality index
The world is nowadays facing serious problem of pollution due to the rapid industrialization, urbanization and improper use of pesticides in agriculture. As far as India is concerned, it is one of the developing nations which has highest industrial and urbanization growth rate due to which few states of the India are critically polluted. In Gujarat state, Ankleshwar is one of them, which houses around 3000 small, medium and large scale industrial units consisting of pharmaceuticals, dyes and pigments, paints, fertilizers, copper smelters, ceramic and glass industries and other chemical units. In this context, the present study was conducted to assess quantitatively the water quality of this region. Water quality index (WQI), helps to understand the status of water quality to be used for different purposes by converting the complex multi parameters’ values to a single value. For this 18 samples were collected during summer (pre-monsoon), monsoon and winter (post-monsoon) seasons from creeks in Ankleshwar area as well the industrial wastewater. For calculation of WQI the concentration of potentially hazardous metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and physico-chemical characteristics (pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, sulphates, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and chlorides) were evaluated. From WQI analysis, it is observed that water quality status of all sites is quite poor in monsoon season (80.4 – 401.4) as compared to pre-monsoon season (15.5 – 60.9) and post-monsoon season (0.1 – 19.5).
Biochar-based nano-composite for the removal of dyes from the wastewater
This research work focuses on recent applications of biochar’s nano composites, produced from biomass pyrolysis, in water and wastewater treatment. Pyrolysis of wood is the possible path for converting biomass to higher valuable products such as bio-oil, bio-char and bio-gas. This work focused on the formation, analysis of bio-char based nanocomposites which was obtained from the wood pyrolysis. A FT-IR technique was used for the determination of groups present in biochar composites. Adsorption capacities for organic and inorganic, dyes and other heavy contaminants by different biochar nanocomposites under different operating conditions are studied. Mechanisms responsible for contaminant remediation are briefly discussed. Keywords: Pyrolysis, bio-char, FT-IR, nanocomposites, analysis.
Various methods to Improve the quality of Recycled Papers
Paper is a part of human life in various ways and it is gaining even more popularity as years go by.We cannot imagine our future without the papers.As demand increases the natural resources also reduces. To produce one ton of papers we require one ton of woods and 30% of this papers is going to waste. So to decrease the use of natural resources an alternate should be available to produce the papers.An another method is recycling of the waste papers as it help for conservation of natural resources and reduction in pollution by recycling of secondary fibers. The advantage of recycling is that it required low power consumtion and less use of water as compared to the chemical pulp method therefore it is cost reduction . But the problem of this papers are that the brightness, stiffness, strength of the papers are not as required. This project addresses this challenges with adding the different chemicals and its effect on the recycled papers.And how we can use this recycled papers in different applications.
Studies on Trace Metal Pollution In Water of Lower Gadilam River
The present work deals with the studies on trace metal pollution in water of lower Gadilamriver,Tamil Nadu, India. The main objectives of the proposed study are to detect the geochemical characteristics of the water sample collected from Gadilam River and to demarcate the spatial distribution of heavy metals and their influence on water of Gadilamriver and the surrounding environment. This study revealed that the enhanced concentration of trace metals in most populated urban areas like Cuddalore is due to strong anthropogenic influences. The distribution pattern of trace metals in the sediments according to Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) index were severely polluted with Cu, Mn, Zn &Pb. However the Pollution Load Index (PLI) values confirmed that the sediment quality is deteriorated and this may have severe impact on the ecosystem that depends on it. To prevent severe heavy toxic metal pollution of the Cuddalore area, especially at and in the vicinity of communities exposed to anthropogenic-derived metal inputs, it becomes imperative to implement timely monitoring and remediation strategies to alleviate the loadings and cumulative concentrations of trace metals in the studied area.
A Review on Removal of Heavy Metal from Polluted Water using Low Cost Bio-adsorbent
ABSTRACT This review paper presents the performance of natural low cost bio-adsorbent used for the removal of heavy metals from polluted water. The current study focuses on various natural low cost bio-absorbents such as native algae, papaya peel, bone powder, Nile rose plant, natural clayey, rice straw, rice bran, rice husk, coconut shell, Neem leaves, hyacinth roots, powder of heartwood, Moringa oleifera bark an agricultural solid waste, resin of mimosa tannin, kaolin, bentonite, blast furnace slag, fly ash, lentil husk, an agricultural waste and recycled paper sludge are used. The researcher makes variations in concentration of dosage, concentration of lead ions, contact time, PH value and temperature are considered. Final results were obtained by using various testing instruments such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), XRD analyses, transmitted electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), SEM-EDX analyses and FT-IR analyses.
Threat to Chemical Contamination to Near Surface Aquifer in Coastal Tract of East Medinipur District, West Bengal- Search for Sustainable Solutions
Abstract The problem of salinity in coastal areas is a global problem and requires detailed studies in all the coastal states. The Medinipur Coast covers 27% of the W.B. coastal Tract extending along the west bank of Hooghli estuary from New Digha at the extreme south west point of the Medinipur District and then curving around Junput, Dadanpatrabar, Khejuri and Haldia. on the east. It is estimated that 15 Blocks of south eastern Medinipur districts covering a total area of 2500 sq. km poses salinity problems. On this basis, approximately15% of Medinipur district may be termed as saline areas. Due to salinity hazard first near surface aquifer which is along the New Digha coast-line faces a serious threat. Over exploitation increasing population creates pressure on first aquifer as ground water extraction is maximum. So, first aquifer is really ground-water stressed. From field study two aquifers named as second and third aquifer has been found. Third aquifer having large resource potential where groundwater withdrawal is minimum. Third aquifer stretches upto Kanthi to Rasulpur River and Khejuri. Second aquifer is also having moderate water resource potential which stretches upto Ramnagar Area. To minimize to avoid Salinity pollution third as well as second aquifer may sustainable provide alternative water supply. It is also necessary to minimize groundwater extraction in the First Dune so that threat for saline water ingress can be avoided. Rain Water Harvesting and other water conservation techniques can prevent saline water contamination to a great extent. Keywords:Salinity, Ground water, Aquifer, sand dune, sustainable solution Cite this Article Sunanda Jas, Gupinath Bhandari, Sinha Ray SP. Threat to Chemical Contamination to Near Surface Aquifer in Coastal Tract of East Medinipur District, West Bengal: Search for Sustainable Solutions. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2017; 4(3): 29–35p.
Skeletal Fluorosis in Populace of Deoli Tehsil (Tonk District), Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT: Fluorosis is a slow, progressive, crippling malady, which affects every organ, tissue and cells in the body and results in health complaints having overlapping manifestations with several other diseases. Fluoride contents enter into the body by water, food, fluoride dust, air fumes, drugs, cosmetics, industrial fluoride and neighbourhood. The consumption of fluoride in high level of 1.5 ppm leads to cases of skeletal fluorosis. For this purpose, 130 samples were collected from different villages of Deoli Tehsil, (Tonk), Rajasthan, during the month of May– June 2009 in clean polyethylene bottles. The fluoride concentration along with physico- chemical parameters in drinking water samples was determined by using standard techniques. In the present study, 80% villages are having higher fluoride concentration than WHO (1– 1.5 ppm) permissible limit. The population, who resided in such areas, had skeletal fluorosis. Keywords: Fluorine, skeletal fluorosis, Deoli area Cite this Article Meena KS, Kanta Meena, Gunsaria RK. Skeletal Fluorosis in Populace of Deoli Tehsil (Tonk District), Rajasthan, India. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2017; 4(3): 24–28p.
Design of an Offtake Structure for a Lift Irrigation System
Abstract India is an agriculture driven economy. The availability of water on time for crops is very essential for a good season. There are several initiatives taken by the government to store and supply water as per the requirement. There are several projects linking the rivers which make it more easy to use the water efficiently. An irrigation system plays a vital role in managing the water resources. An offtake structure draws water from the main supply canal stores and supplies it to the fields. The focus of this study is to design an offtake structure as per the given discharge requirements and ground conditions. The design is based on IS code and several checks were made to verify the design. The final drawings of the offtake structure are presented. Keywords: Offtake structures, irrigation system, main canal, agriculture, field, Offtake canal Cite this Article Sreeja K, Vinaya B, Chandrasekhar KNV. Design of an Offtake Structure for a Lift Irrigation System. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2017; 4(3): 16–23p.
Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk and its Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Composite for Heavy Metal Removal from Simulated Wastewater
Abstract Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of importance due to rapid increase in global industrial activities. This investigation deals with the preparation of adsorbent activated carbon from agricultural waste material such as coconut shell, orange peel, rice husk, peanut husk and sawdust to remove heavy metals from wastewater. The abundance and availability of rice husk, an agricultural waste, make them as a good source for precursor of activated carbon. Hence, rice husk based activated carbon was prepared via carbonisation followed by chemical activation treatment process. The composite was prepared by blending Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with prepared activated carbon. The activated carbon and the composites of PVP/activated carbon were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) and the pore structure was evaluated through morphology analysis using high resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM). Keywords: Rice Husk, Activated Carbon, Blending technique, Polymer Composite Cite this Article Aswini K, Jaisankar V. Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk and its Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Composite for Heavy Metal Removal from simulated Wastewater. Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2017; 4(3): 10–15p.
Comparative Assessment (Qualitative and Quantitative) of Industrial Wastewater from Different Units of Fabric Processing Unit
Abstract Water, a natural resource, has been under severe stress due to increased consumption that followed industrialization. There is a greater need to optimize, reuse, recycle and treat the industrial and domestic wastewater as far as possible. In a wet processing industry in India, average consumption of water is about 45–80 liter per kg of fabric. Fabric processing unit of textile industry have varied effluents discharged from its machines that range from total dissolved solids as low as 200 ppm to 210000 ppm from a dye machine. This work is an attempt to assess industrial wastewater from different machines of a wet processing textile unit to further optimize the volume based on characteristics and increase the treatment efficiency. Keywords: Waste water, textile industry, fabric processing, optimization Cite this Article Santosh Vani S.V. Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Abhishek Nandan et. al.Comparative Assessment (Qualitative and Quantitative) of Industrial Wastewater from Different Units of Fabric Processing Unit.Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research. 2017; 4(3): 1–9p.
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